Then as to the natural theological questions which (owing to circumstances needless now to be recalled or explained) are here throughout brought into what most naturalists, and some other readers, may deem undue prominence, there are many who may be interested to know how these increasingly prevalent views and their tendencies are regarded by one who is scientifically, and in his own fashion, a Darwinian, philosophically a convinced theist, and religiously an acceptor of the "creed commonly called the Nicene," as the exponent of the Christian faith.

"Truth emerges sooner from error than from confusion," says Bacon; and clearer views than commonly prevail upon the points at issue regarding "religion and science" are still sufficiently needed to justify these endeavors.

BOTANIC GARDEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., June, 1876.

CONTENTS.

This Table of Contents, and the copious Index to the volume, were
obligingly prepared by the Rev. G. F. WRIGHT, of Andover.

ARTICLE I.

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION.

Views and Definitions of Species.-How Darwin's differs from that

of Agassiz, and from the Common View.-Variation, its Causes

unknown.-Darwin's Genealogical Tree.-Darwin and Agassiz

agree in the Capital Facts.-Embryology.—Physical Connec-

tion of Species compatible with Intellectual Connection.-How

to prove Transmutation.-Known Extent of Variation.-Cause

of Likeness unknown.-Artificial Selection.-Reversion.-In-

terbreeding.-Natural Selection.-Classification tentative.-

What Darwin assumes.-Argument stated.-How Natural Se-

lection works. Where the Argument is weakest.-Objections.

-Morphology and Teleology harmonized.-Theory not athe-

istical.--Conceivable Modes of Relation of God to Nature

PAGE

9

ARTICLE II.

DESIGN versus NECESSITY-A DISCUSSION.

How Design in Nature can be shown.-Design not inconsistent

with Indirect Attainment

62

ARTICLE III.

NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY.

PART I.-Premonitions of Darwinism.-A Proper Subject for

Speculation. Summary of Facts and Ideas suggestive of Hy-

potheses of Derivation

PART II.-Limitations of Theory conceded by Darwin.-What Dar-

winism explains.-Geological Argument strong in the Tertiary

Period. Correspondence between Rank and Geological Suc-

cession.-Difficulties in Classification.-Nature of Affinity.-

No Absolute Distinction between Vegetable and Animal King-

doms.- Individuality.-Gradation

PART III.-Theories contrasted.-Early Arguments against Darwin-

ism.-Philosophical and Theological Objections.-Theory may

be theistic.-Final Cause not excluded.-Cause of Variation

unknown.-Three Views of Efficient Cause compatible with

Theism.-Agassiz's Objections of a Philosophical Nature.-

PAGE

87

104

€ 129

ARTICLE IV.

SPECIES AS TO VARIATION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND SUCCESSION.

Alphonse De Candolle's Study of the Oak Genus.-Variability of

the Species.-Antiquity.-A Common Origin probable.-Dr.

Falconer on the Common Origin of Elephants.-Variation and

Natural Selection distinguished.-Saporta on the Gradation be-

tween the Vegetable Forms of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary.

-Hypothesis of Derivation more likely to be favored by Bot-

anists than by Zoologists.--Views of Agassiz respecting the

Origin, Dispersion, Variation, Characteristics, and Successive

Creation of Species contrasted with those of De Candolle and

others.-Definition of Species.-Whether its Essence is in the

Likeness or in the Genealogical Connection of the Individuals

composing a Species

. 178

ARTICLE V.

SEQUOIA AND ITS HISTORY: THE RELATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN TO NORTH-

EASTERN ASIAN AND TO TERTIARY VEGETATION.

Age and Size of Sequoia.-Isolation.-Decadence.-Related Ge-

nera. Former Distribution.—Similarity between the Flora of

Japan and that of the United States, especially on the Atlantic

Side.-Former Glaciation as explaining the Present Dispersion

of Species.-This confirmed by the Arctic Fossil Flora of the

Tertiary Period.-Tertiary Flora derived from the Preceding

Cretaceous. Order and Adaptation in Organic Nature likened

to a Flow.-Order implies an Ordainer

PAGE

205

ARTICLE VI.

THE ATTITUDE OF WORKING NATURALISTS TOWARD DARWINISM.

General Tendency to Acceptance of the Derivative Hypothesis

noted.-Lyell, Owen, Alphonse De Candolle, Bentham, Flower,

Allman.-Dr. Dawson's "Story of the Earth and Man" exam-

ined.-Difference between Scientific Men and General Specu-

lators or Amateurs in the Use of Hypotheses.

ARTICLE VII.

EVOLUTION AND THEOLOGY.

236

Writings of Henslow, Hodges, and Le Conte examined.—Evolu-

tion and Design compatible.—The Admission of a System of

Nature, with Fixed Laws, concedes in Principle all that the

Doctrine of Evolution requires.-Hypotheses, Probabilities,

and Surmises, not to be decried by Theologians, who use them,

perhaps, more freely and loosely than Naturalists.-Theolo-

gians risk too much in the Defense of Untenable Outposts 252

ARTICLE VIII.

WHAT IS DARWINISM? "

Dr. Hodge's Book with this Title criticised.-He declares that Dar-
winism is Atheism, yet its Founder a Theist.-Darwinism

PAGE

founded, however, upon Orthodox Conceptions, and opposed,

not to Theism, but only to Intervention in Nature, while the

Key-note of Dr. Hodge's System is Interference.-Views and

Writings of St. Clair, Winchell, and Kingsley adverted to 266

ARTICLE IX.

CHARLES DARWIN: SKETCH ACCOMPANYING A PORTRAIT IN NATURE."

Darwin's Characteristics and Work as a Naturalist compared with

those of Robert Brown.-His Illustration of the Principle that

"Nature abhors Close Fertilization."--His Impression upon

Natural History exceeded only by Linnæus.-His Service in

restoring Teleology to Natural History

283

ARTICLE X.

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.

Classification marks Distinctions where Nature exhibits Grada-

tions. Recovery of Forgotten Knowledge and History of

what was known of Dionæa, Drosera, and Sarracenia

. 289

ARTICLE XI.

INSECTIVOROUS AND CLIMBING PLANTS.

Review of Darwin's Two Works upon these Subjects.-No Absolute

Marks for distinguishing between Vegetables and Animals.—

New Observations upon the Sundews or Droseras.-Their Sen-

sitiveness, Movements, Discernment of the Presence and Ap-

propriation of Animal Matter.-Dionæa, and other Plants of

the same Order.-Utricularia and Pinguicula.-Sarracenia and

Nepenthes.-Climbing Plants; the Climbing effected through

Sensitiveness or Response to External Impression and Auto-

matic Movement.-Capacities inherent in Plants generally,

and apparently of no Service to them, developed and utilized

by those which climb.-Natural Selection not a Complete Ex-

planation
. 308