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in parliament, he wrote a reply to the powerful polemical tract entitled Smectymnuus.'

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In November, 1641, Bishop Hall was translated to Norwich; and on the 1st of January, 1642, he was committed to the Tower with other twelve prelates, on account of a protestation which they had dared to exhibit against whatever measures should be adopted in their absence from the house of lords, while restrained from appearing in public by fear of personal insult and violence from the populace. The fruits of their rash protesting was imprisonment till the 5th of May following, and deprivation of temporal estates and spiritual promotions, with reservation only of an annual allowance for their maintenance. Bishop Hall's allowance was £400 a-year. In his 'Letter from the Tower,' and his Free Prisoner,' we have the bishop's own account of these troubles, which he appears to have sustained with a becoming spirit of humility and resignation. On his liberation he instantly retired to Norwich, where he preached in the cathedral, on the day after his arrival, "to a numerous and attentive people," and continued to officiate till he was "forbidden by men, and at last disabled by God." It is impossible to justify the severity with which this amiable man was treated on the subversion of prelatical domination. Shortly after his retirement to Norwich an order was passed for the full sequestration of the estates of all notorious political delinquents against the commonwealth; and as this order comprehended the protesting bishops, Hall was of course included under its operation, and driven from his episcopal residence with great harshness. "The soldiers," says Neale, "used him severely, turning him out of his palace, and threatening to sell his books if a friend had not given bond for the money at which they were appraised." Neale intimates that the sequestration against the bishop of Norwich was removed in February, 1647; but the silence which Hall himself preserves on this point in his 'Hard Measure,' which bears date three months later, inclines us to suspect that this order, like some others, had been without effect. His last years were passed on a small estate which he rented at Heigham, a hamlet in the western suburbs of Norwich, wherein the house which he inhabited is still remaining. In his old age he became the victim of strangury and stone; his sufferings under these acute diseases were extreme, but he bore them with the utmost fortitude and resignation, till death brought his spirit welcome release, on the 8th day of September, 1656, in the S2d year of his age. Notwithstanding his injunction to the contrary, he was buried in the chancel of Heigham church, in which there is a black marble monument erected over his tomb, bearing a short and simple inscription.

Few prelates of the English church-perhaps none-have left to posterity a fairer reputation than Bishop Hall. Living in troublous times, and often placed in circumstances extremely trying to his temper as a man, and his faith and patience as a Christian, he manifested throughout the whole of a long and chequered life, the greatest singleness of heart, mildness of temper, and purity of intention. For his ethical eloquence he has sometimes been denominated the English Seneca. The merits of his writings are general chasteness and terseness of composition, a rich vein of fancy, fine pathos, delicate satire, a spirit of fervent practical piety, and views of futurity always elevating

and sublime; his defects are those of his time,-quaintness of language, and occasional involution and obscurity of style.

Thomas Gataker, B. D.

BORN A. D. 1574.-DIED A. D. 1654.

THIS eminent theologian was descended from an ancient Shropshire family. He was educated at Cambridge, and received a fellowship of Sydney college from Whitgift. During his residence in Cambridge, he read prelections on the Hebrew scriptures, which were greatly admired for the depth of erudition which they displayed, as well as for their singular piety. At the age of twenty-six he was chosen lecturer at Lincoln's inn. The appointment excited the alarm of his friends lest it should be found too severe a task for one so young; but the result justified the choice of the benchers. He soon became the most popular preacher in the metropolis; while at the same time his published pieces procured for him a high standing amongst foreign as well as English divines. Though an advocate for moderate episcopacy, he attended the Westminster assembly, and took a part in preparing the annotations on the scriptures which were published under the authority of that learned body. Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the book of Lamentations, were the portions which he executed, and, in the opinion of Calamy, he has greatly surpassed all his coadjutors in the work. In 1645, appeared his learned treatise, 'De Nomine Tetragrammato,' being a defence of the common way of pronouncing the word Jehovah. In 1646, he published an answer to Saltmarsh's treatise on Grace, in which he demolished the Antinomian view of his opponent, and exposed with great vigour and effect that affected style of quaint antithesis then so much in vogue in treating of theological subjects. In 1648, he subscribed the remonstrance to the army against the design of trying the king. In 1653, he was drawn into a dispute with Lilly, the astrologer, in which he handled that 'blind buzzard' with well-merited severity and contempt. He died in 1654. His annotations on Marcus Anto

ninus are well known to scholars.

Henry Hammond, D. D.

BORN A. D. 1605.-DIED A. D, 1660.

THIS learned and amiable divine was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, on the 18th of August, 1605. He was the youngest son of Dr John Hammond, a physician. He received his grammar learning at Eton, and in 1618 was sent to Magdalen college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in July, 1625. During his residence in Oxford, he applied himself with extreme diligence to classical studies. In 1629, he entered into holy orders; and in 1633 was presented to the rectory of Penshurst, in Kent, by the earl of Leicester, who had conceived a high opinion of his talents and piety from a sermon which he accidentally heard him deliver. Bishop Duppa conferred upon him the archdeaconry of Chichester in 1643.

In this latter year he retired to Oxford, having rendered himself ob

noxious to the ruling party, by joining in the fruitless attempt at Tunbridge, in favour of the king. His retirement he dedicated to the purpose of drawing up a 'Practical Catechism,' which he published next year. The committee of presbyterian divines soon after took exceptions to various doctrines advanced by Hammond in his catechism, whereupon he published a spirited vindication of the obnoxious passages, and challenged his opponents to a public disputation. During the Uxbridge negotiations, Hammond, as one of the divines on the king's side, took an active part in the discussions with the presbyterian commissioners. In 1645, the king bestowed a canonry of Christ church upon him, and made him one of his chaplains in ordinary. On the surrender of Oxford, he followed his royal master to the isle of Wight, where he remained till 1617, when he returned to Oxford.

The parliamentary commissioners deprived Hammond of his college offices in 1648, and placed him and his colleague, Dr Sheldon, under personal restraint for about ten weeks. It was during this confinement that he began his celebrated Paraphrase and Annotations on the New Testament. It came out first in 1653. A new and enlarged edition of it was published in 1656; and in 1698, Le Clerc published a Latin translation of it. It is a work of great learning, but abounding in fanciful interpretations. He afterwards formed the design of commenting upon the books of the Old Testanient, but only lived to execute the book of Psalms, and a portion of Proverbs.

The death of the king-against whose trial he had drawn up a firm but modest protest-greatly affected him; but the moderation and kindness with which he was treated by many who, while they disliked his political principles, yet admired the man and his theological writings, revived his spirits, and encouraged him to resume his studies. His constitution, however, began to give way in a few years, and, while on the eve of promotion to the bishopric of Worcester, he was carried off by a violent attack of gravel in 1660. Bishop Burnet says of him that "his death was an unspeakable loss to the church." He was one of the most learned, most pious, and most active men of his day. His collected works were published in four volumes folio, in 1684.

Thomas Fuller.

BORN CIRC. A. D. 1608.-DIED A. D. 1631.

THOMAS FULLER, an eminent historian and divine of the church of England in the 17th century, was the son of the parish-minister of Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire, in which village he was born about the year 1608. He received the elements of instruction under the paternal roof, but at a very early age was sent to Queen's college, Cambridge, of which his maternal uncle, Dr Davenant, was master, and where he pursued his studies with such vigour and success that he took the degree of A. B. in 1624, and that of A. M. in 1628. During his residence in Queen's college he stood candidate for a vacant fellowship, being urged thereto by the desire of the whole house, but upon its being ascertained that there existed a statute against the admission of two fellows from Northamptonshire. he instantly withdrew his claim

to the vacant preferment, though assured that the strict terms of the statute would be dispensed with in his case, choosing rather that his private interests should suffer, than that any invasion should be perpetrated on the laws and privileges of the college. Soon after—the author of his Life, printed at Oxford in 1662, informs us-" his great sufficiencies (being now about twenty three years of age), tendered him a prebendary of Salisbury, and at the same time a fellowship in Sydney college. He had been previously chosen minister of St Bennet's parish, in the town of Cambridge, in which church he offered the first fruits of his ministerial functions.' The same year in which he obtained his prebend and fellowship was distinguished by the commencement of his career as an author in the publication of a poem entitled 'David's Heinous Sin, Heartie Repentance, and Heavie Punishment,' a piece now little known.

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On being ordained priest, he was presented to the rectory of Broad Windsor, in Dorsetshire, where he exercised his ministerial functions with great diligence and acceptance. In 1635, he proceeded B. D., and soon after, entered into the married state with a young lady, who was early removed from him by death. It was during his recess at his country rectory that he began to complete several of his works, the plans of which had been sketched, and foundations laid by him whilst at the university. His Historie of the Holy Warse' first appeared in folio, in 1640, but its dedication to the hon. Edward Montagu and Sir John Powlett is dated the 6th of March, 1638. Shortly after the publication of this work, which became immediately popular, "growing weary of the narrow limits of a country-parish, and uneasy at the unsettled state of public affairs," he removed to London; an additional reason for this step probably was the desire of readier access to books and learned men" walking and standing libraries," as he quaintly talks of than a country situation afforded him. In the metropolis "he preached with great applause in the most eminent pulpits, especially in the Inns of Court, and was speedily chosen lecturer in the Savoy, the duties of which office he discharged with prodigious success. The concourse of hearers which flocked to him was so great that to use the language of his just biographer-"his own cure were in a sense excommunicated from the church, unless their timeous diligence kept pace with their devotions. He had in his narrow chapel, two audiences-one without the pale, the other within-the windows of that little church and the sextonry so crowded as if bees had swarmed to his mellifluous discourse." He was chosen a member of the convocation at Westminster, which met in Henry the Seventh's chapel in 1640, and was one of the select committee appointed to draw up new canons for the better government of the church.

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Fuller was never a warm partisan; yet it could not be said of him that he "was so supple that he brake not a joint in all the alterations of the times." During the troublous period embraced by the reign of Charles I. and the commonwealth, he adhered firmly to the royal cause; his efforts to serve it, both in public and private, were earnest and unremitting, and drew upon him the obloquy and disaster which naturally attach to a defeated party in the high struggle for political ascendancy. After the king had quitted London, previously to the commencement of hostilities against his parliament, Fuller, on the an

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niversary of his majesty's inauguration, in 1642, preached at Westminster Abbey, from the text, "Yea, let them take all, so that my lord, the king, return in peace,"—2 Sam. xix. 30. This sermon having been published, gave great offence to the popular leaders of the day, and brought the preacher into some danger. About this period he completed and published The Holy State,' in one volume folio. This is generally regarded as one of the best, if not the best in every respect of his numerous works. The Profane State' is to be classed along with it; both being a series of moral portraits illustrated occasionally by biographical sketches. The idea of these works, it has been suggested, was probably taken from Causines's Holy Court: we should think it more probable that the Characterisms of Virtues and Vices,' by Bishop Hall, gave the hint. During the ferment and conflict of the civil war, he prosecuted his studies as he had opportunity. In 1643, he joined the king at Oxford, and he afterwards attended Sir Ralph Hopton as his army-chaplain. After the battle at CheritonDown, in March, 1644, we find our chaplain at Basing House, where he so animated the garrison to a vigorous defence of that place, that Sir William Waller was obliged to raise the siege with considerable loss. On Hopton's retreat into Cornwall, Fuller took refuge in Exeter, where he preached regularly to the citizens, and was appointed chaplain to the infant-princess, Henrietta Maria, who was born in that city in 1643. On the surrender of Exeter to the parliamentary forces, in April, 1646, he removed again to London, and was chosen lecturer, first at St Clement's Lane, Lombard Street, and afterwards at St Bride's.

About 1648, he was presented by the earl of Carlisle to the living of Waltham in Essex. Two years after, he published a geographical account of the Holy Land, which he entitled, A Pisgah sight of Palestine, and the Confines thereof,' in folio, with maps and views; and in 1650 appeared his Abel Redivivus,' a collection of lives of eminent martyrs, saints, and confessors. After having lived about twelve years a widower, he married again, making choice of one of the sisters of Viscount Baltinglasse for his new helpmate; but he still found time and means to pursue his multiform studies, and gratify his taste for authorship. In 1656 he published his Church History, at London, in folio. The whole title of this work is, 'The Church History of Britain, from the birth of Jesus Christ, until the year 1648. Endeavoured by Thomas Fuller.' This performance was severely animadverted on by Dr Peter Heylin in his Examen Historicum,' which appeared about three years after. It is also treated with quite too much asperity of censure by Archbishop Nicolson, who complains of its being " so interlaced with pun and quibble, that it looks as if the man had designed to ridicule the annals of our church into fable and romance." To Heylin, Fuller replied with much ingenuity and candour. In 1658, the living of Crauford, in Middlesex, was bestowed upon him, and he removed thither. On the Restoration, he received his prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury, and was appointed extraordinary chaplain to his majesty, besides being created D. D. at Cambridge by royal mandamus. He would have been further rewarded with a bishopric, had it not been prevented by his death, which happened on the 16th of August, 1661. He was interred in the chancel of Crauford church; above two hundred

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