presbyterian views of church government, and to take the covenant; this latter step, nevertheless, excited in him 'certain scruples and doubts of conscience,' with which he afterwards favoured the public. He was also one of those divines who signed the protestation against the king's trial; he even went further than most of them on this occasion, for he published a religious and loyal protestation against the contemplated proceedings; and, after the king's death, wrote what he called A just invective against those of the army and their abettors who murthered King Charles I.' Had Gauden's zeal on behalf of royalty stopped here he might have preserved his character, and been regarded as an honest, though not a discreet or even perfectly consistent man; but in his future behaviour he betrayed a lamentable want of principle, and clearly indicated the real motives which led him to espouse with such warmth the royalist cause in his incessant applications to Charles II. for promotion and lucrative offices. Soon after the death of Charles I. Gauden made a mean attempt to deceive the public with a work entitled Ez Barin, professing to be the meditations of 'his sacred majesty in his solitude and sufferings.' He gave it out as a genuine work, and as such it was undoubtingly received and estimated for a length of time, but subsequent disclosures have ascertained the forgery, and pretty clearly fixed the authorship of the Icon on Gauden.

In 1659, the doctor succeeded Bishop Brownrigg as preacher to the temple, and upon the restoration he succeeded the same bishop in the see of Exeter. In 1662, he was translated to the see of Worcester. Soon after, the richer living of Winchester became the object of his ambition, but he failed in the attempt to secure it, and died the same year.

Archbishop Juxon.

BORN, A. D. 1582.—-died, a. D. 1663.

THIS eminent prelate was born in Chichester, and received his grammar learning at Merchant-tailor's school, whence he was elected a fellow of St John's college, Oxford, in 1598. He was at first designed for the bar, and, with this view, studied civil law, and enrolled himself at Grey's inn; but, before completing his terms, he resolved to devote himself to another profession. Having gone through a course of divinity studies, he entered into orders, and, in 1609, was presented by his college to the vicarage of St Giles, Oxford. In 1614, he appears to have held the rectory of Somerton, in the same county. On Dr Laud's resignation of the presidentship of St John's college, Juxon was appointed his successor; and, in 1626, he executed the office of vicechancellor.

About this time, Charles I. appointed Dr Juxon one of his chaplains in ordinary, and collated him to the deanery of Worcester, along with which he held a prebend of Chichester. For these promotions, he appears to have been indebted to his early patron, Laud, then bishop of London, who soon after obtained for him the clerkship of his majesty's closet. Juxon's principles, at this period, may be understood from Laud's own statement of the motives which induced him to urge

this appointment, namely, that "he might have one that he might trust near his majesty, if he himself grew weak or infirm." The same potent influence procured for Juxon the bishopric of Hereford, in 1633; but, before his consecration to that see, he was elevated to the bishopric of London, vacant by the promotion of Laud to the primacy.

In pursuance of that plan of policy which Laud had early adopted, with the vain hope of placing his order beyond the reach of their enemies, and enlarging the influence and dominion of the church, the new primate prevailed on the king to appoint Bishop Juxon to the office of lord-high-treasurer. This step gave great offence. The office in question was one of the very highest political dignity, and had not been filled by a churchman since the reign of Henry VII., since which period the sentiments of the nation had undergone a complete change on this and many other points of state-policy. The personal virtues of the bishop were acknowledged on all hands; but the investing a clergyman with such an office, and one too "whose name had hardly been known at court above two years," was a proceeding which created great dissatisfaction, and could have been suggested only by a mind wilfully blind to the signs of the times. Laud, however, valued himself not a little on this nomination. It was one of the poor blinded bigot's master-strokes of policy; and he alludes to it, in his diary, in terms of the most complacent self-satisfaction :-"Now," says he. "if the church will not hold up themselves, under God, I can do no more!" The nobility, says Clarendon, "were inflamed" by the appointment upon which Laud so much prided himself; they "began to look upon the church as a gulf ready to swallow up all the great offices of state." Equally dissatisfied were the commons; yet, amidst all this heart-burning and jealousy, no one appears to have accused the high-treasurer of misconduct in his political office, or of the slightest approach to peculation. Neal declares that "enmity could not impeach him;" and Granger, with truth, observes, "even the haters of prelacy could never hate Juxon."

The execution of Strafford finally drove Juxon from his invidious office. He warmly opposed the bill of attainder which had been brought against that notorious political profligate, and earnestly besought the king to withhold his assent from the measure. Finding himself unable to resist the movement party of the day, he resigned his civil office, and retired to his episcopal palace at Fulham. Here he abode the result of that political storm which now brooded darkly and threateningly over the kingdom. Repeated attempts were made by both parties in the State to engage the bishop on their side; but while he avowed himself the friend and supporter of monarchy, he refused to lend himself to the measures now pursuing by the infatuated monarch; and with equal firmness he resisted all overtures made to him by the parliamentary party. At the treaty of the isle of Wight, he attended as one of the commissioners on the king's side, and he afterwards attended his majesty from the commencement of his trial to the last scene on the scaffold. Charles warmly acknowledged the kind offices of the good bishop throughout his imprisonment and trial, and on the scaffold affirmed, that he had been his greatest earthly support and consolation in the hour of adversity.

On the establishment of the commonwealth, Bishop Juxon retired to

his private estate in Gloucestershire; but he emerged from his obscurity at the Restoration, was elevated to the primacy, and placed the crown on the head of Charles II. He died on the 4th of June, 1663, leaving behind him an unblemished moral reputation.

John Goodwin.

BORN A. D. 1593.-DIED A. D. 1665.

THIS distinguished polemic and politician was born in Norfolk in 1593. He received his education at Cambridge, where he took his degree of M. A., and was elected a fellow of Queen's college in 1617. On removing from the university he was chosen vicar of the living of St Stephen's, Coleman street, by the parishioners, from which he was afterwards ejected, on account of his refusal to administer ordinances to all his parishioners promiscuously. Having embraced independent principles, the natural warmth of his temper often led him into frequent and unseemly altercation with his presbyterian brethren. He adopted, and defended with much ability, the opinion of universal restoration, and devoted much of his time to the exposition and defence of Arminian tenets. While we cannot doubt for a moment the sincerity of his opinions on these and some collateral topics, we must regret that he should have chosen so frequently to insist on them, and that he should have so often been betrayed into very unguarded language respecting them. His Redemption redeemed' will always repay the attentive perusal of a clear-headed man; and his 'Divine authority of the Scriptures asserted,' is a work of much value and originality. The most obnoxious part of Goodwin's conduct was his vindication of the high court of justice. The pamphlet in which he made this attempt was entitled The Obstructors of justice; or a Defence of the honourable sentence passed upon the late King.' It has been pronounced an absurd, execrable, and even impious publication-a piece of savage republicanism. The following apology has been offered for it by Goodwin's recent biographer, Mr Jackson :-"It is but justice to Mr Goodwin to state, that in defending the army he was not influenced by any dislike of social order, or by any predilection for a republican government, as opposed to a limited monarchy. In the case of King Charles he was evidently misled by his passion for religious freedom. No man ever lived, who understood the rights of conscience better than he, or who was more tremblingly alive to their importance. All dominion over conscience he regarded as a usurpation of the Divine prerogative, and a wicked encroachment upon the most sacred rights of human nature. Whereas the king was careful' of episcopal uniformity,' and the parliament had issued ordinances in restraint of religious liberty sufficient to disgrace even a Spanish government, and to wound the obduracy of a Bonner. Had the king, therefore, been restored to the exercise of his regal functions, when the parliament voted his concessions to be a ground for a future settlement, the probability was, according to the opinion of Mr Goodwin and others, that the episcopalians or the presby terians, or perhaps both, would enjoy the countenance and protection of the State; and all other bodies of religious people, after a sacrifice of

their property, and an exposure of their lives in the field, would be delivered up to the severities of prosecution. These not improbable anticipations doubtless made a strong impression upon Mr Goodwin's mind, as well as the revenge which he knew to be meditated by the royal party. Under the impulse of those feelings, which such a situation of affairs was calculated to excite, he wrote his two pamphlets in vindication of the army. The political principles inculcated in these publications, as well as in those of his bold compeers, are dangerous and indefensible; they are nevertheless the errors of an ardent and generous mind, desirous, above every thing besides, of restoring to his species those rights which they had received from their Maker, but of which they had been wantonly deprived." This we think satisfactory as an apology for Goodwin. He died in 1665.

Chalmers has treated John Goodwin with more than his usual severity, and, as appears to us, with very little fairness, in the brief notice of him which he has introduced into his 'Biographical Dictionary.' He represents him as a kind of Ishmaelite, whose hand was perpetually raised against the rest of the world, and who found his chief enjoyment in stirring up strife and angry contention. Against such an impeachment we shall only offer one brief extract from this great man's writings: "My God and my conscience," he says, "have deeply engaged me in a warfare, very troublesome and costly; even to contend in a manner with the whole earth, and to attempt the casting down of high things, which exalt themselves against the knowledge of God. And daily experience sheweth, that men's imaginations are their darlings,-that he who toucheth them toucheth the apple of their eye, and appeareth in the shape of an enemy. To bear the hatred and contradiction of the world, is not pleasing to me; notwithstanding the vehemency of desire which possesseth my heart, of doing some service in the world whilst I am a sojourner in it, and leaving it at my departure upon somewhat better terms for the peace and comfort of it, than I found it at my coming, swallows up much of that offensiveness and monstrousness of taste, wherewith otherwise the measure I receive from many would affect my soul. I have the advantage of old age, and of the sanctuary of the grave near at hand, to despise all enemies and avengers. I know that hard thoughts, and hard sayings, and hard writings, and hard dealings, and frowns, and pourings out of contempt and wrath, abide me. 'But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I may finish my course with joy, and the ministry which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God.' Farewell, good reader, in the Lord; let him have a friend's portion in thy prayers, who is willing to suffer the loss of all things for thy sake, that the truth of the Gospel may come with evidence and demonstration of the Spirit unto thee, and remain with thee. If the embracing of the truth before men keep thee from preferment on earth, it will most assuredly recompense thee seven-fold, yea, seventy times sevenfold in heaven."

Dr Burgess.

DIED A. d. 1665.

DR CORNELIUS BURGESS was descended from the Burgesses of Batcombe, in Somersetshire. In 1611 he was entered at Oxford. After taking orders, he held successively the rectories of St Magnus, London, and of Watford, Herts. In the beginning of the reign of Charles I., he was made one of the king's chaplains in ordinary. The opposition which he offered to some of Laud's tyrannical measures, drew upon him the indignation of that overbearing prelate. At last he was cited before the high commission court, on a charge of having libelled the bishops in a Latin sermon which he had preached to the London clergy. From this moment he became a decided opponent of the measures pursuing by the court party; and his influence contributed not a little to the adoption of those extreme measures which were afterwards resorted to by the people. "If all the puritans," says Dr Grey, "had been of his rebellious stamp, they had certainly been a wicked crew." Eachard is still more violent in his denunciation of him. He calls him "the seditious Dr Burgess, and one of the greatest Bontefeus of the whole party, being the perpetual trumpeter to the most violent proceedings-a great instrument in bringing on the miseries of the nation." In the beginning of the long parliament, he was appointed by the lords one of the sub-committee for the settlement of religion; and, in the capacity of speaker for the presbyterians, he answered Dr Hacket in the debate in the Jerusalem chamber. He was, however, against imposing the covenant, and refused to take it until he was suspended.

The parliament appointed him one of their preachers; and on the petition of the common council of London, he was appointed Sunday evening lecturer at St Paul's, with a pension of £400 per annum, and the dean's house to live in. He afterwards made an advantageous purchase of the manor of the bishop of Wells, although he had previously declared in public that he held it "by no means lawful to alienate the bishop's lands from public and private uses, or to convert them to any private person's property." On the 14th of January, 1648, he preached a sermon at Mercer's chapel, in which he inveighed with great boldness against the design of bringing the king to trial. Soon after, he drew up, and subscribed, along with fifty-seven other ministers, a paper, entitled, 'A vindication of the ministers of the gospel in and about London, from the unjust aspersions cast upon their former actings for the parliament, as if they had promoted the bringing of the king to capital punishment.' This document is given at length by Dr Calamy. It may also be seen in Neale's History.

Upon the Restoration, Dr Burgess was deprived of all his property. He retired to Watford, where he devoted himself to the duties of the pastorship; but was at length reduced to such poverty as to be obliged to sell the greater part of his library for his support. A malignant cancer in his neck and cheek added to his many afflictions, and at last put an end to his life in June, 1665. Among Dr Burgess's works are