A. Pipe or butt 126 gallons. Puncheon 84. Hogshead 68.

Q. Where would you stow moist goods and liquids, such as salted hides, bales of bacon, butter, lard, grease, castor oil, &c. ?

A. Not too near any goods whose nature is to absorb moisture.

Q. You are loading a general cargo. Consisting partly of rough and hard goods, such as coals, grindstones, metals, bundles of sheet iron, iron rods, pigs of copper or iron, &c. And partly of goods in bags or bales, which are liable to be chafed, or damaged by contact with rough goods. How would you stow the goods?

A. The rough goods in general underneath, and forward of the fine goods, and separated from them by boards or dunnage.

Q. How would you stow brittle goods, such as glass, bottles, earthenware, &c ?

A. In a place by themselves, with plenty of straw.

Q. How would you stow goods in casks and goods liable to damage from leakage of the casks?

A.

Keep the goods liable to damage above the casks, or forward, or aft of them.

You are in a steamer which is loading a general cargo for different ports. How would you stow the goods?

A. Keep the goods intended for the first port uppermost, if possible, and so that the ship will be on a trim when they are taken out. Note what hold, and what part of that hold, every merchant's goods are in.

Q. You are loading a general cargo, and a lighter of petroleum, turpentine, or similar strong-smelling goods comes alongside. What would you do with it?

A. Refuse to take it in; for the vapour from the petroleum, turpentine, &c., would spoil flour, or food of any kind, for either man or beast. Call the captain's attention to it.

GETTING READY FOR SEA.

Q. The ship is load; get ready for sea?

A. Batten the hatches down, and secure everything that is loose and is not wanted in going out. Get up the towline, warps, lines, and cork fenders. See that the lamps and compasses are in order, that no loose iron is near the binnacle, that the wheel chains and rudder are in order, and that an anchor and chain are ready. In a steamer see that there are no ropes near the propeller, and that in going out the propeller does not strike the dock side.

LOG LINE AND LOG GLASS.

Q. What is the short short rule for to find the length of a knot corresponding to the time measured by a log glass?

A. Affix a cipher to the seconds, divide by 6, the quotient will be the length in feet.

If there be a remainder, affix a cipher, and divide as before. Multiply the decimal part by 12, and the product will be inches.

Q. What is the long rule?

A. Multiply the seconds by 76, and divide the product by 45.

Q. Give an example in both ways, the time by the glass being 30 seconds ?

NOTE. The rule is derived from contracting the rule of three state

ment,

Q. A glass runs 28 seconds; required the length of a corresponding knot.

feet inches

Answers.-Short way...46 8

Long way...47 8

THE LEAD AND LEAD LINE.

Q. How do you mark the hand lead line?

fathoms.........leather, with two parts sticking out.

...leather, slit so that three parts stick out. ..white bunting, or rag.

...red bunting.

...leather, with a round hole.

...red bunting.

.a piece of cord with two knots.

.blue bunting.

.white bunting.

The hand lead line is not marked farther than twenty fathoms.

Q. How do you mark the deep sea lead line?

A. The deep sea lead line is marked in the same way as far as twenty fathoms; at thirty fathoms it is marked with three knots; at forty fathoms with four knots; and so on, an additional knot at every ten fathoms. Every intermediate five fathoms, above twenty, is marked with one knot, or with a piece of leather.

A. I would be careful not to overheave it, especially the first cast. Q. When would you stop the line from running out?

A. As soon as the ship by her motion brought me over the lead.

Q. You are about to make the land. It is deep water. Take a cast?

A. Stop the ship's way by stopping the engine; or by reducing sail and rounding to.

Q. It is a dark night, and you cannot see the marks, how do you know the soundings?

A. Deep cast. Take the line to a light. Shoal cast. Count the marks from the lead, till I come to say the 5 or 7-fathom mark, take that

mark in my left hand, heave the lead, keep my fingers close to the line so that I can feel any other marks that go out, but not so close as to stop the line. When soundings are struck, allow for the distance of the

mark above the surface of the water.

Q. You are about to make the land. It comes on a fog?

A. Keep the ship under command, proceed cautiously, and sound very often.

MANAGEMENT OF A SAILING SHIP AT SEA.

Q. It is coming on to blow fresh, take in the light upper sails; say the royals or topgallant sails?

A. Send a hand or two up aloft ready to pick the sail up; lower the haulyards; haul up the lee clueline and buntline; then the weather ones; as soon as the lee sheet is started, haul in the weather brace, and spill the sail.

Q. You are caught in a squall ?

A. Take in the mizen, and keep the ship before the wind; see that the ropes are clear of the rudder; clue up, haul down, haul the yards by, and stow as fast as possible.

Q. You are taken aback?

A. Take in the mizen, shiver the cross-jack yard, and the main yard; when the ship falls off, fill the fore yard.

Q. You are running, reef the topsails?

Reef the fore topsail first; then ship will lie on the course on main sail up; haul the main yard

A. Keep the ship before the wind. take the fore yard forward, so that the which she will be most easy; haul the by, and reef the main topsail; watch the helmsman while the crew are reefing.

Q. The wind is abeam ?

A. Lay the topsail yard parallel with the lower yard, or nearly so, and reef the sail.

It may be necessary to reef one sail, and set it before reefing the other, in order to keep the ship quiet. In some cases, it is necessary to start the topsail sheets.

Be particular that the yard is laid to pass before the men go aloft; if not, they may have to go out by the lifts, and in by the reef tackles, while the sail is slatting about in a most dangerous manner.

Q. Reef a course ?

A. In order to reef a course, it is generally necessary to haul the sail up as for stowing.

Q.

A.

Take in a course?

Haul tight the lower lifts; ease off the lee sheet a few feet; man the buntlines and leech lines; haul them well tight; ease away the tack; haul up the weather clue garnet, buntlines, and leechlines; then ease off the lee sheet, and haul up the lee clue garnet, and all the gear.

Some experienced men consider it better to haul the lee clue garnet close up before starting the tack.

Q. Sometimes a foresail is carried so long upon a ship, that it is very difficult to stow it; the sail blows out of the men's hands before they can get the gaskets passed; they are then placed in great danger?

A. In such a case, it would be well to have three or four lines passed from the deck, over the yard, under the sail, and the ends made fast to the yard, before either tack or sheet is started. After the sail is hauled up by its gear, haul up those lines, and they will spill the sail, and keep it quiet until the gaskets are passed.

Q.

A.

Take in the jib ?

Keep the ship before the wind; haul the sail down, and stow it; then keep the ship on her course.

Q. Clue up a topsail in a gale of wind ?

A.

Haul the weather clueline up first, then man the buntlines and lee clueline.

A. Be careful with the helm; have the relieving tackles ready; the wheel chains should be rather tight; the ship should be under closereefed topsails, reefed foresail, and fore topmast staysail with its sheet hauled flat aft.