present, but also, it should seem, not advancing beyond it; with apparently a different thallus. As this last is described, and as C. verruciforme is represented in the European specimens, we can scarcely avoid considering the American lichen as, to appearance, and so far as we yet know, distinct.

COLLEMA CYRTASPIS, sp. nov.: thallo mediocri suborbiculari membranaceo-cartilagineo rigido fusco-viridi subtus pallido laciniato-lobato lobis mox angustatis subradiantibus lobulis adscendentibus granulato-rugulosis; apotheciis mediocribus disco convexo nigro-castaneo nitido demum tumidulo marginem thallinum crassiusculum crenulatum excludente. Sporæ octonæ in thecis subclavatis, incolores, subfusiformes, tetrablastæ (3-septatæ) diam. 4-6-plo longiores. On trunks near the ground, in woods; common in Southern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, E. Hall, in Hb. Lapham. North Carolina, Rev. Dr. Curtis. South Carolina and Georgia, Mr. Ravenel. Alabama, Mr. Peters. Thallus of middling size (from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter) at first roundish, of cartilagineous-membranaceous, rigid, brownish or blackish green, expanded lobes, which become at length much narrowed, and more or less radiant, passing here and there into short, ascending, branch-like lobules, the dilated and divided summits of which are wrinkled-plaited, and at length densely granulate. Gonidia concatenate. Apothecia of middling size (the largest often a line in diameter), the blackish-chestnut polished disk soon becoming tumid, and quite excluding the originally thick and crenulate thalline margin. Spores in eights, rather broad-spindleshaped (navicular-subfusiform, Koerb.), normally tetrablastish, with regular, mostly roundish sporoblasts, the three dissepiments, obscurely more or less visible, four to six times longer than wide. The almost monophyllous thallus of C. nigrescens becomes irregularly somewhat lobed ("lobis cæspitoso-fasciculatis," Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp., p. 119) in C. aggregatum, Nyl. (C. fasciculare, var. aggregatum, Ach.), and passes, still further, in the present lichen, into at length laciniiform, often radiant divisions. The present is sufficiently distinguished from C. aggregatum by its different spores, but in this respect agrees better with the European C. conglomeratum, Nyl. Syn. p. 115, t. 3, f. 1 (C. fasciculare, var. conglomeratum, Ach.), which differs especially in its minute size; the far less divided and less granulate thallus and more entire apothecia ("margine tenui integerrimo," Sommerf. 1. c.) being perhaps less to be relied upon. Growing with the present lichen in

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Pennsylvania, and also by itself in New York and Western Massachusetts, I have found another, nearly-related plant, sent to me also from Carolina by Dr. Curtis and Mr. Ravenel; the smaller fronds of which pass almost wholly into short, erect lobules, crowned with "almost contiguous," smaller, and paler apothecia, with thin, entire margins, and containing ovoid, or soon oblong-ovoid (ovoid-ellipsoid) diblastish (once-septate) often nebulose (or, apparently, nebulose-monoblastish) spores, from once and a half to scarcely more than thrice longer than wide, and rather larger gonimous granules; this is probably C. pycnocarpum, Nyl. Syn. p. 115, described from a North American specimen in the Paris Museum, and clearly distinguishable, so far as appears, as another link or knot in the knotted line of related forms which we have been considering. C. pycnocarpum is not so easily referable to the "genus Synechoblastus" (comp. Koerb. Syst. p. 411); but nothing could be less natural than to separate it generically from the present species, which is clearly a "Synechoblastus." The relation of C. conglomeratum of Europe to C. cyrtaspis is perhaps the same with that of the European C. verruciforme to C. callibotrys; and the two foreign lichens might be taken, possibly, for reduced forms of the American; C. pycnocarpum, Nyl., being in that case regarded a small form, with simpler spores, of C. cyrtaspis. But I am not ready, at present, to go beyond the distinction of these states, a distinction based, as above, in each case, upon a large collection of specimens.

COLLEMA STELLATUM, sp. nov.: thallo cartilagineo firmo viridiglaucescente e laciniis anguste linearibus convexis parce vageque ramosis ramis subsimplicibus vel demum fastigiato-divisis intricatis subtus pallidis canaliculatis; apotheciis mediocribus adnatis rufo-fuscis mox convexis marginem thallinum tenuem excludentibus. Sporæ octonæ, mediocres, incolores, lato-fusiformes, uniseptatæ diam. 2-3-plo 1. demum 3-plo longiores. - On wet rocks, in beds of mountain rivulets, La Perla, island of Cuba, Mr. Wright. Occurs in roundish or irregular, rather dense masses of narrow, very sparingly and irregularly branched, convex lobules, the projecting tips of which are either simple, or at length forked, or even fastigiately divided, greenish, or brownish-green, with more or less of a glaucescent tinge above, and paler and channelled below; the gonimous granules being connected in necklace-like strings. Apothecia of middling size, convex. Spores in eights, of middling size, broad-fusiform ; once-septate, about thrice, or even thrice and a half, longer than wide. Comparable with C.

laciniatum, Nyl. Syn. p. 116, an Alabama lichen, which Mr. Wright has detected in Cuba; but differs in color, in the peculiar habit due to its more simple, elongated, teretish, densely intertangled, substellate, rather than radiant lobes; also in the slenderer filamentous elements, and the constantly once-septate spores. The spores of C. laciniatum (Alabama, Mr. Peters) are described by Nylander, 1. c., as simple or once-septate, and about thrice longer than wide; and I have never observed any differing, unless possibly a little in length; but in the Cuba lichen they become 6-nucleolate and thrice-septate, the length exceeding also more than four times the diameter, — which taken together with the narrower, less uneven lobes, more distinctly channelled beneath, may indicate a variety (var. solenarium).

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CALICIUM RAVENELII, Tuckerm. in litt. thallo granuloso glaucescente; apotheciis turbinato-globosis margine incurvo radiato-striatulo stipiteque brevi firmulo fusco-nigris. Sporæ octonæ, fuscescentes, ellipsoidea) vel fusiformi-ellipsoideæ, simplices, diametro 1-3-plo longiores. On old garden palings, St. John's (Berkley), South Carolina, H. W. Ravenel, Esq. Thallus of glaucescent granules (or obsolete). Apothecia smallish, globular, or a little turbinatę; the incurved margin radiately wrinkled or striated, and, as well as the short, rather slender, but firm stipe, brownish-black. Spores fuscescent, from ellipsoid becoming irregularly somewhat fusiform-ellipsoid, simple, from once and a half to thrice longer than wide. This species, which is well distinguished by its striated exciple, is dedicated to my valued friend and correspondent, the discoverer.

CALICIUM LEUCOCHLORUM (sp. nov.): thalli granulis in crustam tenuem subcontiguam inæqualem flavidam hypothallo nigro decussatam confluentibus; apotheciis clavato-turbinatis subtus ferrugineis disco nigro stipite valido atro. Sporæ octonæ in thecis cylindraceis, majusculæ, biscoctiformes, diblastæ, medio nunc constrictæ, atro-fuscescentes, diam. 1-2-plo longiores. On trunks of palm, island of Cuba, Mr. Wright. Granules soon confluent, and forming a thin, uneven, paleyellow crust, irregularly here and there decussated by distinct, black lines (much as in Lecidea parasema, var. exigua) which I refer to the hypothallus. Apothecia large, from tubular- becoming clavate-turbinate, rusty beneath; the disk flattish, black; the stipes of middling length, stout and strong. Spores larger and shorter than those of C. hyperellum, from roundish- becoming short obtuse-ellipsoid, more or less constricted at the middle, or a little longer and more regularly

ellipsoid, the tips often acutish; diblastish, at length blackish-brown; the length scarcely exceeding twice the diameter. Nearly akin to C. hyperellum and C. trachelinum; but differing from both in the crust, and especially in the club-shaped apothecia and large spores, which exceed in size those of C. roscidum.

TRACHYLIA LEUCAMPYX (sp. nov.): thallo tenui pulveraceo dein subcontiguo rimoso e viridulo cinerascente; apotheciis minusculis innato-prominulis (subelevatis), disco subplano atro margine intus albopruinoso cincto. Sporæ octonæ in thecis lineari-clavatis, e cocciformi mox oblongæ, sæpius 3-blastæ, dein fuscescentes 2- rarius 3-4-septatæ ad septa constrictæ diam. 2-3-plo longiores. On trunks, Monte Verde, island of Cuba, Mr. Wright. Thallus very thin, leprous, but becoming here and there compacted and chinky, and from greenish at length ash-colored. Apothecia small, a few of the larger ones occasionally a quarter of a line in diameter, rounded, or occasionally oblong, innate, at length a little elevated in the manner of T. tympanella, but (like T. Javanica (M. & V. d. B.), Nyl.) not dilated above; the black margin, which, as in T. Javanica, is always thicker than in the European species, conspicuously white-powdery within. The elevation of the apothecia is comparatively slight, and often even obscure, and they thus contrast evidently enough with the remarkably conical fruit of T. Javanica. Spores in long and narrowed spore-sacks, colorless and smallish at first, and from short-obtuse-ellipsoid (cocciform, Koerb.) becoming oblong, and commonly 3-blastish, crossed next by colored, rather irregular dissepiments, and finally dark brown, and for the most part twice, or much more rarely thrice, or even four times septate, and more or less strongly constricted at the dissepiments; the length from twice to thrice, or more rarely four times, exceeding the diameter. This lichen is nearest allied to a curious subtropical type of the Caliciei, found by my liberal correspondent, the late Dr. Joseph Hale, on Cypress trunks in Louisiana, in 1851, and named by me (in herb. Fries), the following year, Trachylia Pyrgilla. Mr. Wright has since found the plant not uncommon in the island of Cuba, and he detected it also (as botanist of the U. S. North Pacific Exploring Expedition) in the Bonin Islands, southeast of Japan. From the last, which is inseparable from the American lichen, the Java plant found by Junghuhn, and described by Montagne and Van den Bosch, in 1856, as Calicium Javanicum (Mont. Syll. p. 357, M. & V. d. Bosch, Lich. Jav. p. 54) can scarcely differ. Dr. Nylander referred the lat

ter the next year (Monog. Calic. p. 33) to Trachylia; and this construction is perhaps still preferable to the opinion expressed later, in his Synopsis (p. 168), that the plant constitutes a genus; the variation from the type of Trachylia being only such as might be presumed possible within Trachylia. From T. Javanica the species above described differs in its thin and powdery thallus (that of the former plant being much better developed, and even approaching, at length, the thickish and warted crust of T. tympanella); its much smaller and far less prominent, more conspicuously white-edged apothecia; and especially in the curious differentiation of the spores, which exhibit the blunt ellipsoid (or biscoctiform) type of the genus, not merely (as in T. Javanica) extended to spores with three dissepiments, but also twice or even thrice constricted. So strange is the effect of this latter variation, that I have hesitated to describe the plant as a lichen; but though there is no coloration of the hymenium with iodine, any more than in T. Javanica, both species equally possess an evident thallus; and their apothecia and spores, as already remarked, are explicable as variations from, or rather developments of, the type of Trachylia tympanella. The genus Trachylia, as here understood, (indicated by Fries in his Flora Scanica, 1835, and again in his Summa Veg. Scand., 1846, and taken in the same sense by Torssell, a little earlier, and by the present writer in his Synops. Lich. N. Eng., in 1848, as also in the various important works of Dr. Nylander, q. v. in Lich. Scand. p. 44,) appears preferable to the very indefinite Acolium of Fée (Ess. Crypt. p. 28, the name adopted being the same as that given by Acharius to the section of his genus Calicium which included C. tympanellum), as it is also older than the later Acolium of Massalongo, &c. And Cyphelium, Ach. in Vet. Ac. Handl. 1815 (lately proposed by Th. Fries, in Gen. Heterolich. Eur. p. 100, for the group represented by T. tympanella), though it included Trachylia, by no means expressed it; and is a less distinct conception. CLADONIA DILLENIANA, Floerk.: thallo squamuloso-dissecto, podetiis superne infundibuliformibus prolifero-ramosis, axillis perviis sub-squamulosis e stramineo albicantibus, fertilibus subcymosis; apotheciis fuscis. a. CRISPATA: straminea; podetiis turgidis, axillis apicibusque infundibuliformi-dilatatis foliolis lineari-multifidis exasperatis irregulariter demum proliferis. C. stenophylla, Nyl. Syn. p. 201. On rotten logs, Monte Verde, Cuba, Mr. Wright.

B. ELONGATA: albicans; podetiis gracilioribus subsimpliciter repetitoproliferis elongatis, axillis hiantibus foliolis multifidis cristatis. Coral