the United States; but no impeachment of a member of the Senate shall be by less than two-thirds of the Representatives present.

SEC. 6. Representatives may vote by proxy, but no Representative present shall be proxy for more than one who is absent.

SEC. 7. Bills for raising revenue and bills for appropriating monies for the support of fleets and armies and for paying the salaries of the officers of government shall originate in the Assembly, but may be altered and amended by the Senate.

SEC. 8. The acceptance of an office under the United States by a Representative shall vacate his seat in the Assembly.

ARTICLE III.

SEC. 1. The Senate shall consist of persons to be chosen, except in the first instance, by Electors elected for that purpose by the citizens and inhabitants of the several States, comprehended in the Union, who shall have in their own right, or in the right of their wives, an estate in land for not less than life, or a term of years, whereof, at the time of giving their votes, there shall be at least fourteen years unexpired.

SEC. 2. But the first Senate shall be chosen in the manner prescribed in the last Article, and shall consist of forty members to be called Senators, of whom New Hampshire shall have ; Massachusetts

; Rhode Island ; New York ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania Maryland ; Virginia ; North Carolina Georgia

; Connecticut ; Delaware ; South Carolina

;

SEC. 3. The Legislature shall provide for the future elections of Senators; for which purpose the States respectively, which have more than one Senator, shall be divided into convenient districts to which the Senators shall be apportioned: a State having but one Senator shall be itself a district. On the death, resignation, or removal from office of a Senator, his place shall be supplied by a new election in the District from which he came. Upon each election there shall be not less than six, nor more than twelve electors chosen in a District.

SEC. 4. The number of Senators shall never be less than forty, nor shall any State, if the same shall not hereafter be divided, ever have less than the number allotted to it in the second Section of this Article. But the Legislature may increase the whole number of Senators, in the same proportion to the whole number of Representatives, as forty is to one hundred, and such increase beyond the present number shall be apportioned to the respective States, in a ratio to the respective numbers of their Representatives.

SEC. 5. If States shall be divided, or if a new arrangement of the boundaries of two or more States shall take place, the Legislature shall apportion the number of Senators (in elections succeeding such division or arrangement) to which the constituent parts were entitled, according to the change of situation, having regard to the number of persons described in the 4th Section of the VIIth Article.

SEO. 6. The Senators shall hold their places during good behaviour, removeable only by conviction on impeachment for some crime or misdemeanour. They shall continue to exercise their offices, when impeached, until a conviction shall take place. Sixteen Senators attending in person shall be sufficient to make a house to transact business. But the Legislature may increase this number, yet so as never to exceed a majority of the whole number of Sonators. The Senators may vote by proxy, but no Senator who is present shall be proxy for more than two who are absent.

SEC. 7. The Senate shall choose its President and other officers, shall judge of the qualifications and elections of its members, and shall punish them for improper conduct in their capacity of Senators; but such punishment shall not extend to life or limb, nor to expulsion. In the absence of their President, they may choose a tempo

rary President. The President shall only have a casting vote when the House 19 equally divided.

SEC. 8. The Senate shall exclusively possess the power of declaring war. No treaty shall be made without their advice and consent, which shall also be necessary to the appointment of all officers, except such for which a different provision is made in this Constitution.

ARTICLE IV.

SEC. 1. The President of the United States of America (except in the first instance) shall be elected in the manner following.

The Judges of the Supreme Court shall, within sixty days after a vacancy shall happen, cause public notice to be given in each State of such vacancy, appointing therein three several days for the several purposes following, to wit—

A day for commencing the election of Electors for the purposes hereinafter specified -to be called the first Electors, which day shall not be less than forty, nor more than sixty days after the day of the publication of the notice in each State; another day for the meeting of the Electors not less than forty, nor more than ninety days, from the day for commencing their election; another day for the meeting of Electors, to be chosen by the first Electors, for the purpose hereinafter specified, and to be called the second Electors, which day shall not be less than forty, nor more than sixty days, after the day for the meeting of the first Electors.

SEC. 2. After notice of a vacancy shall have been given, there shall be chosen in each State a number of persons, as the first Electors in the preceding Section mentioned, equal to the whole number of the Representatives and Senators of such State in the Legislature of the United States; which Electors shall be chosen by the citizens of such State, having an estate of inheritance, or for three lives in land, or a clear personal estate of the value of one thousand Spanish milled dollars of the present standard.

SEO. 3. These first Electors shall meet in their respective States at the time appointed, at one place, and shall proceed to vote by ballot for a President, who shall not be one of their own number, unless the Legislature upon experiment should hereafter direct otherwise.

They shall cause two lists to be made of the name or names of the person or persons voted for, which they or the major part of them shall sign and certify. They shall then proceed each to nominate openly in the presence of the others two persons as for second Electors, and out of the persons who shall have the four highest numbers of nominations; they shall afterwards by ballot by plurality of votes choose two, who shall be the second Electors, to each of whom shall be delivered one of the lists before mentioned. These second Electors shall not be any of the persons voted for as President.

A copy of the same list, signed and certified in like manner, shall be transmitted by the first Electors to the seat of the government of the United States, under a sealed cover directed to the President of the Assembly, which, after the meeting of the second Electors, shall be opened for the inspection of the two houses of the Legis. lature.

SEC. 4. These second Electors shall meet precisely on the day appointed (and not on another day) at one place. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, or if there be no Chief Justice, the Judge Senior in office in such court, or if there be no one Judge Senior in office, some other Judge of that court, by the choice of the rest of the Judges, or of a majority of them, shall attend at the same place, and shall preside at the meeting, but shall have no vote. Two-thirds of the whole number of the Electors shall constitute a sufficient meeting for the execution of their trust. At this meeting the lists delivered to the respective Electors shall be produced and inspected, and if

there be any person who has a majority of the whole number of the votes given by the first Electors, he shall be the President of the United States. But if there be no such person, the second Electors so met shall proceed to vote by ballot for one of the persons named in the lists, who shall have the three highest numbers of the votes of the first Electors, and if upon the first or any succeeding ballot, on the day of the meeting, either of those persons shall have a number of votes equal to a majority of the whole number of second Electors chosen, he shall be the President. But if no such choice be made on the day appointed for the meeting, either by reason of the non-attendance of the second Electors, or their not agreeing or any other matter, the person having the greatest number of votes of the first Elcotors shall be the President.

SEO. 5. If it should happen that the Chief Justice or some other Judge of the Supreme Court should not attend in due time, the second Electors shall proceed to the execution of their trust without him.

SEC. 6. If the Judges should neglect to cause the notice required by the first Section of this Article to be given within the time therein limited, they may nevertheless cause it to be afterwards given; but their neglect, if wilful, is hereby declared to be an offence for which they may be impeached, and if convicted, they shall be punished as in other cases of conviction on impeachment.

SEC. 7. The Legislature shall by permanent laws provide such further regulations as may be necessary for the more orderly election of the President, not contravening the provisions herein contained.

SEC. 8. The President, before he shall enter upon the execution of his office, shall take an oath or affirmation faithfully to execute the same, and to the utmost of his judgment and power to protect the rights of the people, and preserve the Constitution inviolate. This oath or affirmation shall be administered by the President of the Senate for the time being, in the presence of both houses of the Legislaturo.

SEC. 9. The Senate and the Assembly shall always convene in session on the day appointed for the meeting of the second Electors, and shall continue sitting till the President take the oath or affirmation of office. He shall hold his office during good behaviour, removeable only by conviction upon an impeachment for some crime or misdemeanour.

SEC. 10. The President at the beginning of every meeting of the Legislature, as soon as they shall be ready to proceed to business, shall convene them together at the place where the Senate shall sit, and shall communicate to them all such matters as may be necessary for their information, or as may require their consideration. He may by message during the session communicate all other matters which may appear to him proper. He may, whenever in his opinion the public business shall require it, convene the Senate and Assembly, or either of them, and may prorogue them for a time not exceeding forty days at one prorogation, and if they should disagree about their adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall have a right to negative all bills, resolutions or acts of the two houses of the Legislature about to be passed into laws. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. He shall be the Commander in Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia within the several States, and shall have the direction of war when commenced; but he shall not take the actual command in the field of an army, without the consent of the Senate and Assembly.

All treaties, conventions, and agreements with foreign nations shall be made by him, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He shall have the appointment of the principal or chief officer of each of the departments of war, naval affairs, finance and foreign affairs, and shall have the nomination, and by and with the consent of the Senate the appointment of all other officers to be appointed under the authority of the United States, except such for whom different provision is made oy

this Constitution, and provided that this shall not be construed to prevent the Legislature from appointing by name in their laws persons to special and particular trusts created in such laws, nor shall be construed to prevent principals in offices merely ministerial from constituting deputies. In the recess of the Senate he may fill vacancies in offices by appointments, to continue in force until the end of the next session of the Senate, and he shall commission all officers. He shall have power to pardon all offences, except treason, for which he may grant reprieves until the opinion of the Senate and Assembly can be had, and with their concurrence may pardon the

same.

SEC. 11. He shall receive a fixed compensation for his services, to be paid to him at stated times, and not to be increased nor diminished during his continuance in office.

SEC. 12. If he depart out of the United States without the consent of the Senate and Assembly, he shall thereby abdicate his office.

SEC. 13. He may be impeached for any crime or misdemeanour by the two houses of the Legislature, two-thirds of each house concurring, and if convicted shall be removed from office. He may be afterwards tried and punished in the ordinary course of law. His impeachment shall operate as a suspension from office until the determination thereof.

SEC. 14. The President of the Senate shall be Vice President of the United States. On the death, resignation, impeachment, removal from office, or absence from the United States of the President thereof, the Vice President shall exercise all the powers by this Constitution vested in the President until another shall be appointed, or until ho shall return within the United States, if his absence was with the consent of the Senate and Assembly.

ARTICLE V.

SEC. 1. There shall be a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who, together with the other Judges thereof, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, removeable only by conviction on impeachment for some crime or misdemeanour. Each Judge shall have a competent salary, to be paid to him at stated times, and not to be diminished during his continuance in office.

The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in all causes in which the United States shall be a party; in all controversies between the United States and a particular State, or between two or more States, except such as relate to a claim of territory, between the United States and one or more States, which shall be determined in the mode prescribed in the VI. Article; in all cases affecting foreign ministers, consuls, and agents, and an appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, in all cases which shall concern the citizens of foreign nations, in all questions between the citizens of different States, and in all others in which the fundamental rights of this Constitution are involved, subject to such exceptions as are herein contained, and to such regulations as the Legislature shall provide.

The Judges of all courts which may be constituted by the Legislature shall also hold their places during good behaviour, removeable only by conviction on impeachment for some crime or misdemeanour; and shall have competent salaries, to be paid at stated times, and not to be diminished during their continuance in office. But nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the Legislature from abolishing such courts themselves.

All crimes, except upon impeachment, shall be tried by a jury of twelve men, and li they shall have been committed within any State shall be tried within such State, and all civil causes arising under this Constitution of the like kind with those which have been heretofore triable by jury in the respective States, shall in like manner be tried hy jury, unless in special cases the Legislature shall think proper to make

different provision, to which provision the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses shall be necessary.

SEO. 2. Impeachments of the President and Vice President of the United States, members of the Senate, the Governors and Presidents of the several States, the principal or chief officers of the departments enumerated in the tenth Section of the fourth Article, ambassadors and other like public ministers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, generals, and admirals of the navy, shall be tried by a court to consist of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice or first or senior Judge of the Superior Court of law in each State, of whom twelve shall constitute a court. A majority of the Judges present may convict. All other persons shall be tried on impeachment by a court to consist of the Judges of the Supreme Court and six Senators drawn by lot; a majority of whom may convict.

Impeachments shall clearly specify the particular offence for which the party accused is to be tried, and judgment on conviction upon the trial thereof shall be either of removal from office singly, or removal from office and disqualification for holding any future office or place of trust; but no judgment on impeachment shall prevent prosecution and punishment in the ordinary course of law, provided that no Judge conserned in such conviction shall sit as Judge on the second trial. The Legislature may remove the disabilities incurred by conviction on impeachment.

ARTICLE VI.

Controversies about the right of territory between the United States and particular States shall be determined by a court to be constituted in manner following.

The State or States claiming in opposition to the United States as parties shall nominate a number of persons equal to double the number of the Judges of the Supreme Court for the time being, of whom none shall be citizens by birth of the States which are parties, nor inhabitants thereof when nominated, and of whom not more than two shall have their actual residence in one State. Out of the persons so nominated the Senate shall elect one-half, who, together with the Judges of the Supreme Court, shall form the court.

Two-thirds of the whole number may hear and determine the controversy by plurality of voices. The States concerned may at their option claim a decision by the Supreme Court only. All the members of the court hereby instituted shall, prior to the hearing of the cause, take an oath impartially, and according to the best of their judgments and consciences, to hear and determine the controversy.

ARTICLE VII.

SEO. 1. The Legislature of the United States shall have power to pass all laws which they shall judge necessary to the common defence and safety, and to the general welfare of the Union. But no bill, resolution, or act of the Senate and Assembly shall have the force of a law until it shall have received the assent of the President, or of the Vice President when exercising the powers of the President, and if such assent shall not have been given within ten days after such bill, resolution, or other act shall have been presented for that purpose, the same shall not be a law. No bill, resolution, or other act not assented to shall be revived in the same session of the Legislature. The mode of signifying such assent shall be by signing the bill, act, or resolution, and returning it so signed to either house of the Legislature.

SEC. 2. The enacting style of all laws shall be: "Be it enacted by the people of the United States of America."

SEC. 3. No bill of attainder shall be passed, nor any ex post facto law; nor shall any title of nobility be granted by the United States or by either of them; no shall any person holding an office or place of trust under the United States, without the