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Would you mind including in the record at this point the dates and the length of the extensions, that is, the length of time for which it was first passed as an emergency and then the dates of its extension together with the time of the extension.

Secretary DULLES. Can I supply that, Senator? I do not have it actually in my hand.

Senator MALONE. Yes, I understand.

(The information referred to follows:)

TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT, ENACTMENT AND EXTENSIONS

1. The original act authorized the President to enter into foreign trade agreements for a period of 3 years from June 12, 1934, the date of enactment of the act (48 Stat. 943).

2. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Resolution No. 10, 75th Congressional, for 3 years from June 12, 1937 (50 Stat. 24).

3. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Resolution No. 61, 76th Congress, for 3 years from June 12, 1940 (54 Stat. 107).

4. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 66, 78th Congress, for 2 years from June 12, 1943 (57 Stat. 125).

5. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 130, 79th Congress, for 3 years from June 12, 1945 (59 Stat. 410).

6. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 792, 80th Congress, from June 12, 1948, until the close of June 30, 1949 (62 Stat. 1053).

7. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 307, 81st Congress, (which repealed Public Law 792, 80th Cong.) for 3 years from June 12, 1948 (63 Stat. 697).

8. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 50, 82d Congress, for 2 years from June 12, 1951 (65 Stat. 72).

9. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 215, 83d Congress. for 1 year from June 12, 1953 (67 Stat. 472).

10. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 464, 83d Congress, for 1 year from June 12, 1954 (68 Stat. 360).

11. The President's authority to enter into foreign trade agreements was extended by Public Law 86, 84th Congress, (69 Stat. 162) until the close of June 30, 1958.

Senator MALONE. Such extensions have, however, been from 1 to 3 years, have they not?

Secretary DULLES. Yes, sir.

Senator MALONE. One year, I think, on three occasions.

Secretary DULLES. I think so.

Senator MALONE. Never more than three, and always an emergency. Secretary DULLES. Yes, sir.

Senator MALONE. You have asked for 5 years?

Secretary DULLES. Yes, sir.

Senator MALONE. And a 25 percent further reduction in duties or tariffs.

Secretary DULLES. Yes.

Senator MALONE. And you do believe, I think from your testimony, that this act should be permanent?

Secretary DULLES. I believe that the concept that underlies the act is good as far as we can see. Now you can imagine a change of world conditions where it would not be valid anymore. I would hesi

Secretary DULLES. I would say, Senator, that we have plenty of power in the world.

The question is whether you try to use this power in a coercive and threatening way or not, which raises some serious questions.

I believe that as the world is today, and given the relationships which we for our own sake need to establish with other countries, that it is not a good idea for us to go around just brandishing our power and saying, "If you do not do what we want in this respect, we are going to put you out of business."

Now I know what the answer to that will be. all right, we will tie up with the other fellow." Senator LONG. Perhaps so, but, of course, the question. The point I have in mind is you go.

Secretary DULLES. Yes.

Senator LONG. I recall a situatio Syngman Rhee's South Korean gove Kai-shek's government voted agains to me it was as much to their advant

I just wonder whether it is all to into a position where people who de can with impunity disregard mutual security.

They can continue to get e do not have to cooperate or he Secretary DULLES. Those sit Senator, that we are better off to feel that they cooperate or not a terests rather than try to develop

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over.

Now you may get some immedia the whip but in the long run I think ages and I just do not think that is the Senator LONG. You may describe Secretary, but I have oftentimes seen th Rule does not work as well as some of Now and then some people tend to advo others as they do unto you." Wher against us and treat us unfairly, it does to our advantage to have the authorit to act in a similar fashion with regard to I think sometimes they might treat if we had that particular power.

Secretary DULLES. I think we are no our policy to use our power in those wa

Senator LONG. I just question the ad that you cannot use the power even if would not only not have the power but that you did not have it.

That is the question that occurs to m
Thank you very much, Mr. Secretary
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Malone.
Senator MALONE. Mr. Secretary,
10 times, I think you testified.mly

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Would yen mind including in the record at this point the dates and the length of the extensions, that is, the length of time for which it was first passed as an emergency and then the dates of its extension together with the time of the extension.

Secretary DULLES. Can I supply that, Senator? I do not have it actually in my hand.

Senator MALONE. Yes, I understand.

The information referred to follows:)

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TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT, ENACTMENT AND EXTENSIONS

1. The original set authorized the Presi ments for a period of 3 years from June 12 (48 Stat. 943).

2. The President's authority to enter i by Public Resolution No. 10, 75th Con (50 Stat. 24).

3. The President's authority to extended by Public Resolution No. 1940 (54 Stat. 107).

4. The President's authority to extended by Public Law 66, 78th Stat. 125).

5. The President's authority
extended by Public Law 130,
(59 Stat. 410).

6. The President's author
ended by Public Law 79
ne 30, 1949 (62 Stat.
The President's au
by Public La
for 3 year

enter into foreign trade agree e date of enactment of the set

rade agreements was extended or 3 years from June 12, 1937 oreign trade agreements was gress, for 3 years from June 12,

foreign trade agreements was 2 years from June 12, 1943 (37 to foreign trade agreements was s for 3 years from June 12, 1945 nto foreign trade agreements was s, from June 12, 1948, until the close r into foreign trade agreements was gress, (which repealed Public Law 792, 948 (63 Stat. 697). iter into fore igress, for 2

ade agreements was n June 12, 1951 (65

de agreements was n June 12, 1953 (67 ade agreements was n June 12, 1954 (68

ade agreements was 2) until the close of

r, been from 1 to

ways an emergency.

eduction in duties or

hink from your testimony,

concept that underlies the w you can imagine a change of be valid anymore. I would hesi

tate to say that any particular thing is good for eternity because we are in a world of change.

But I do believe that given the world as it is today, that this is a sound principle on which to operate.

Senate MALONE. And should be permanent under the conditions as you understand them to be.

Secretary DULLES. So long as the conditions are permanent, yes. Senator MALONE. I believe you testified on the matter of foreign aid, that that should become permanent, did you not?

Secretary DULLES. No, I do not think so.

Senator MALONE. I will have to locate the quotation.

Secretary DULLES. Yes.

Senator MALONE. But I am sure you gave that impression.

Secretary DULLES. I think I said that so long as the peril existsSenator MALONE. You may be correct-You have said so long as the emergency exists and the emergency seems to be permanent. It has lasted 24 years and shows no sign of being allowed to abate. Secretary DULLES. All right.

Senator MALONE. It seems to have been assumed that the emergency is permanent.

Secretary DULLES. Thank you.

Senator MALONE. Does this bill, H. R. 12591, in any way approve the organization that has been referred to as GATT, the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade?

Secretary DULLES. No, sir.

I think there is an express disclaimer of that.

Senator MALONE. The act has been before this committee several times and the Congress always included the disclaimer, so you have included it yourself this time, have you? Secretary DULLES. The House put it in. Senator MALONE. The House put it in. Secretary DULLES. No, sir.

You did not include it?

Senator MALONE. Were you Secretary of State when the International Trade Organization came before the Congress, or Assistant Secretary of State?

Secretary DULLES. I have never been Assistant Secretary of State. Senator MALONE. What did they call you when you worked for Acheson?

Secretary DULLES. I worked as a consultant on the Japanese Treaty, if that is what you refer to.

Senator MALONE. And the Japanese Treaty is the extent to which you were ever consulted by him.

Secretary DULLES. Yes.

Senator MALONE. You wrote the Japanese Peace Treaty?

Secretary DULLES. I am generally considered to have played a leading part in that.

No one person does it all himself.

Senator MALONE. It was under your direction?

Secretary DULLES. That was my job, yes.

Senator MALONE. You know that the Japanese now are negotiating with Communist China for trade treaties?

Secretary DULLES. No, sir. They have broken off negotiation. Senator MALONE. That is right, temporarily I think. There is no question of their future relationship-they will trade with China no matter who controls that great country.

They were in Peking to make a trade agreement, were they not? Secretary DULLES. A trade agreement was negotiated by the business people of Japan, but its terms were not found acceptable from a political standpoint.

Senator MALONE. When the Japanese treaty was before the Senate for approval I made a statement on the future relationship between Japan and China-they of course will resume trade with China.

How many nations have recognized Communist China now?

Secretary DULLES. I do not have the precise figure. I would say approximately 25, something in that general order.

Senator MALONE. Does that include all of the European nations? Secretary DULLES. No, sir.

Senator MALONE. How many?

Secretary DULLES. Are you talking about Western Europe or Eastern Europe?

Senator MALONE. All of Europe.

Secretary DULLES. All of the so-called Soviet bloc countries of Europe have recognized Communist China.

Senator MALONE. Then what you would call free Europe. How many of them have recognized Communist China? Name what you can remember and then you can complete the record.

Secretary DULLES. The United Kingdom has, Sweden has, I think Denmark has.

I would not want off hand, Senator

Senator MALONE. Would you complete the record?

Secretary DULLES. Yes.

(The following was subsequently received for the record:)

RECOGNITION OF COMMUNIST CHINA

Twenty-six nations members of the United Nations and one other nation, Switzerland, recognize or have diplomatic relations with the Communist Chinese regime. In addition, four other Communist regimes (East Germany, North Korea, Outer Mongolia, and North Vietnam) recognize the Communist Chinese regime. The 27 nations recognizing Communist China are:

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There are, on the other hand, 42 members of the United Nations and 3 other nations (Republic of Korea, the Vatican and the Republic of Vietnam) which recognize or have diplomatic relations with the Government of the Republic of China.

In addition, the Federal Republic of Germany recognizes neither the Communist Chinese regime nor the Republic of China.

Senator MALONE. When Great Britain, England, recognized Communist China, did that include their member nations of the Empire? Secretary DULLES. Some of them and some not.

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