and eighty-eight, and they are of all classes and all reputations, from Moses and Isaiah down to Sir John Mandevill and Mr. Pretty! ble d

The body of the work is divided into twenty-four chapters, or Scenes, as they are termed, each relating to some fashion which different times and nations have adopted as to different parts of the human frame; these are accompanied by illustrative cuts," which are not among the least curious parts of the book, The first, Scene treats of "certaine fashions of the head, affected and contrived, by the pragmaticall invention and artificial endeavours of many nations."The Brazilians, according to Purchas, have flat heads we know not whether Bulwer's reasoning thereon accords with the modern discoveries of phrenology.

"The inconveniences that many times attend this affected of the head, when the naps, with a little bunchines remaineth not, but the nodock is made flat, are, that the brain is not so figured as is requisite for wit and stability, for the depression of this posterior pro- ! minency of the head weakens the stabilitie to action, as Galen shewes the reason is, because voluntary motion depends upon the nerves, whose principle the Cerebellum is. Since, therefore, the originall and chiefe instrument of voluntary motion resides in the hinder part of the head, men are by this depraving the figure of their heads, made more cold and indisposed unto motion, and so likewise unto recordas tion, the after-brains, the seat of Memory, being thus perverted. WhichTM effect was observed (as Beneventus reports) in the dissection of one James, a famous thiefe, the hinder part of whose head, where the seat of Memory is, was found so short that it contained but a very little, portion of brains; for which cause, when he could least of all remember the banishments, imprisonments, and torments he had suffered for his former villanies, falling like an impudent dog to his vomit, was at last hanged, which put an end to his life and theft together." P. 9.

We are by no means deeply versed in the mysteries of Professors Gall, Spurzheim, and De Ville, but, as far as we recollect, the above paragraph reads very much like a portion of a Craniological Lecture. In a similar strain we are told that a spherical or orbicular form of the head, such as may be observed in the French (who on that account can seldom fit an Englishman with a hat) denoteth quick moving, unstableness, forgetfulness, small discretion, and little wit. Square-headed gallants also must needs suffer some damage in their intellectuals; for, a head that hath angles argues an impediment of judgment and ratiocination..

Although many have held opinion that Megasthenes, Pliny, and Aulus Gellius were loud liars when they wrote and published that there lived a certain kind of people in Scythia which had dogs' heads, yet the relation is confirmed by some of the order of Predicants sent as legates from the Apostolic State unto

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the Tartars, who assure us that there is a certain nation in Tartary who have a dog's face; the same authors adding withal, that although the men have such a resemblance of a dog's head, as beforesaid, the women have a human visage as other women in the world have. If we seek farther evidence of this remarkable fact, it may be found in the pages of Vincentius Burgundius, Johannes de Plancarpio, Kornmannus, Marco Polo, Johannes Camers, Hector Pintus, and Isidore; a cloud of witnesses to which incredulity itself dare scarcely refuse assent.

So too for the Acephali, who want their necks and have their eyes in their shoulders. St. Augustin is most charitable to the sceptical, and might certainly be pardoned if he dogmatized more sturdily regarding these monsters, considering the ocular proof which he possessed of their existence. He

"makes commemoration of such a nation, and although he there does not impose a necessity of believing the relations that are made of such kinds of men; so he seems to grant that it is not incredible; nay, he testifies that he hath seen them himself, for he assures us in these words (Serm. 37 ad Frat. in Eremo), I was now Bishop of Hippo, and with certain servants of Christ I travelled to Æthiopia to preach the Gospell of Christ unto them, and we saw there many men and women having no heads, but grosse eyes fixed in their breasts: their other members like unto ours." P. 21.

It must be observed, that even Sir Walter Raleigh was a believer in these headless monsters. The Ewaipoosomi,' he says, "are a people dwelling on the banks of the river Caora, whose heads appear not above their shoulders, which, though it may be thought a meere fable, yet for my own part I am resolved it is true; because every child in the province of Arromaia and Comurs affirms all the same: they are called Ewaipanomi, and are reported to have their eyes in their shoulders, and their mouths in the middle of their breasts, and that a long train of hairs groweth backward between the shoulders. The son of Tomawari, which I brought with me into England, told me that they were the most mighty men of all the land, and use bowes, arrowes, and clubs, thrice as bigg as any of Guiana and of the Oronoqueponi, and that one of the Iwarawakeni took a prisoner of them the yeare before our arrival there, and brought him into the borders of Arromaia, his father's country. And further, when I seemed to doubt of it, he told me that it was no wonder among them, but that they were as great a nation, and as common as any other in all the provinces, and had of late years slain many hundreds of his father's people, and of other nations their neighbours; but it was not my chance to heare of them till I was come away, and if I had but spoken one word of it while I was there, I might

VOL. II.-PART II.

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have brought one of them with me, and put the matter out of doubt.'

Bulwer fully credits the existence of this race; but he attri butes the depression of their heads to artificial rather than to natural causes; to a fantastical dislike of the original distance between the head and body by the interposition of the neck, and to a fashion which preferred having the shoulders uppermost.

He proceeds to consider horned men; some of which, he says, beyond Cathay, speak not, but rout like swine. An honest matron, near Turin, A. D. 1578, the seventeenth of January, about eight of the clock at night, brought forth a child, having five horns one against another on his head, like unto ram's horns. At Panhorn was a certain noble virgin with many crooked horns, sharp at the end, that she rather looked like a devil than a woman; and, finally, that men should be cornuted (there is, we fear, a wicked playfulness in the phrase) is a thing neither impossible nor incredible.

It can be no matter of surprise, that, as well as horned and headless men, there should be others who have but one eye, and that planted in the middle of their foreheads. That such is the case we learn from Scene VI. which treats of " monstrous conformations, properties, colours, proportions, and fashionable affectations of eyes among certain nations." Herodotus, Aristeas, Aulus Gellius, Appian, Pliny, and Solinus, have all attested the Arimaspians and the "guarded gold." Sir John Mandevill," whose relations since the late discoveries of the new world are held very credible," speaks of the monocular subjects of the king of Dodyn; but that potentate, on the same authority, rules men more wonderful than even these; some without any eyes at all, others who have mouths in their shoulders, and others again whose lips are so large, that when they sleep in the sun they cover their whole faces with them. Again, "Beyond the valley, on the left side of the river Pison, in an isle northward, there are many evil and foule women, who have pretious stones in their eyes, and they have such a force, that if they behold any man with wrath, they slay them with beholding, as the basilisk doth."

In the chapter on noses, Scene VII. we are assured that the Tartarian women cut and pare their noses, that they may appear more flat and saddle-nosed; " which sight seemed most ugly in the eyes of Fryar William de Rubraquis, a Frenchman." The citizens of Rhinocotura had no nostrils. Divers Indians have their noses slit like broken-winded horses. The Huns flatten

History of Guiana.

their noses that they may not be any hinderance in putting on their helmets. The people of St. Christopher's" stick pins in their noses, making their noses serve for pin-pillowes.' The real proportions of a good nose are laid down with so much accuracy, and the subject, since the days of Slawkenbergius, has ever been deemed of such paramount importance, that we cannot do otherwise than cite this passage entire.

"Now the nose, according to the justice of nature, should be no longer than the lip and ears, and the third part of the face in length, and the thirtieth part of the length of the whole body; it should not exceed in length halfe that distance which interposeth between the externall angle of both the eyes; therefore the length of the nose should answer in a sesquialtera proportion, the length of the eye and the diduction of the mouth; nor should it exceed in length beyond the measure of its circumference at the bottom. A long nose, indeed, may be of some advantage to the sense of smelling, as appears in the noses of bloodhounds; yet for the scent of a man that length is sufficient which consists with beauty, and may be reconciled with the proportions of nature's symetrie, beyond which who endeavours to extend the nose, renders himself guilty of a great transgression; as on the contrary they also doe, who labour to prohibit the natural extending of the nose upon any pretences of beauty whatsoever." P. 121.

"Auricular fashions, or certain strange inventions of people in new moulding their ears," are treated in Scene VIII. The ancients had already acquainted us with the ivwróxoro, who used their ears as feather-beds, and with the Panotioi, who employed them for clothing; but later writers speak of the Californian Tulanuchas, whose ears are so prolid that they hang down even unto the ground, and six men may be hid under one of them. The Peruvians load their ears so heavily with jewels, that a man may easily thrust his arm up to the shoulder in the holes bored in them; an experiment which, in point of fact, was practised by Mr. Cæsar Frederick among the Naviri. Such too is the custom with the natives of Craweanna, Pawmeeanna, Quiksanna, Peewatiere, Arameeso, Acawreanno, Accoreo, Tarapeeanno, Corecorickoda, Peeauneado, Coeeanno, Itsura, and Warsmisso. All these are roughly stigmatized by Bulwer as "a packe of large-ear'd hell-hounds." The Portuguese, while sailing to Calicut, found an island in which the men had ass's ears; those of the women were like them, but smaller..

Under" Mouth Fashions and Oral Monstrosities," in Scene X. there is a little burst of misogynism, not according with Bulwer's usual gallantry. "In Turkey the women are accounted most beautifull that have the widest mouths; and you may be sure they use art to have them so; for things in fashion women will be sure to have." The Azanaghi, a people of Ethiopia, have the lower lip hanging a cubit below their chins, and are

said to season it with salt lest it putrefy from the infection of the air. The Sultan of Cambaia hath his upper lip, so large and prominent, that he can bind, his head with it, as women do with their hair. But this is by no means according to the order of nature, for the mouth hath no less defined proportions than the

nose. gut to 975)

"The deduction or longitude of the mouth should but equal the longitude of the eye, which extends from the outward angle to the lacrymall; so that the longitude of the mouth is duple to the ninth part of the longitude of the face, and the nose should beare a sesquialtera proportion unto it; and the width of the mouth should be but as much againe as the bottom of the nose near the mouth, the circumference of it double, and the deduction of it treble to the longitude of the nose so that the whole longitude of the face should beare a sesquialtera proportion to the compasse of the mouth, or to the space contained between the corners of the eye, for this space should equall the compasse (also) of the mouth, and the circumference of the ears ought to be in unison; the first joynt (likewise) towards the hand in the middle finger, should be as much as the mouth, if you measure the bow of the lip with a thread; for if you measure it right in the longitude of the empty mouth, that part of the finger would exceed it.' P. 169.

"If any part of the human body had been likely to escape cultivation, we should have supposed it to be that to which Bulwer addresses himself in Scene XIV. "Devices of certaine nations practised upon their tongues. But there is, it seems, an island called Tambuli, in which the natives first of all differ from common men by an excess of four cubits in stature; and secondly, either by nature or art, they have a cloven tongue, di"vided in the bottom, so that it seems double from the root; so they use divers speeches, and do not only speak with the voice of men, but imitate the singing of birds; and that which seems most notable, they speak at any time like two men, both answering and discoursing; for with one part of their tongues they speak to one, and with the other part to the other.

The arms, hands, and nails bear their portion also in human metamorphoses (Scene XVIII). Thus the merchants of Guinea wear their nails so long, that sometimes, when they have not a spoon by them, and that they untie their purses to weigh gold dust, they will scoop out half an ounce at a time with their nails. The Chinese use their nails as we do silver forks, for which purpose they take great pains to keep them clean. The inhabitants of the river Thomeras with theirs kill fish and cut soft wood. The Abassines graft cockspurs on their fingers' ends. The prerogative royal among the Tapuians is a long thumb nail, which none but the king may cherish. Bulwer is very earnest in recommending attention to the nails