nor seen but through three small holes, which are in the eastern side of the chapel. On the outside, on the north, contiguous to the chapel itself, is a lamp, which is constantly attended and kept lighted by a caloyer (a Greek monk) with an associate; and opposite to it, on the south side, there is a lamp within the said chapel, which every holysabbath day (Easter day) is lighted up, without fail, with fire sent from above, to the glory of Christ, who lives and rises again, for ever and ever, amen!" P. 71.

The gates of this church are placed in the south side of it, the most easterly opening to a cloister or quadrangle of stone, entirely paved with white marble; in about the middle of which our Lord rested, as he bore his cross to execution. On the eastern side of these gates, and within the church itself, is Mount Calvary; on the summit of which there is a round hole, on which the cross of Christ was fixed. There are eighteen steps. to ascend to it, and from the uppermost of them to the opening are ten feet, where it is said that our Saviour's blood ran through the fissures of the rock. Toward the south, it is evident where the reading was made at the time of the crucifixion equally from the top to the bottom, where, as is asserted, the head of Adam was found, and an altar is erected near. From the lowest of these steps, towards the east, as far as the gate of the subterraneous church which leads to the spot where the Empress Helena discovered the true cross, are eleven paces, and from the gate itself to the first step, seven feet. Descending for thirty-nine steps, there is a beautiful chapel, built upon four columns of marble. There are two altars, one at the east, and the other on the north side. Fitz-Simeon then continues his very minute mensuration of every part of the Holy Sepulchre, and notices a round hole, into which Christ placed his finger, saying, " This is the middle of the world." Every stone has some legend annexed to it, as recording a particular circumstance of the crucifixion. He barely mentions the large convent of Franciscans still subsisting, in the church of which they exhibited the head of St. James the Apostle. In another church is elevated, upon four columns, the stone concerning which the women said, "Who shall roll back the stone for us?" He next is about to direct our attention to the great mosque of Caliph Omar, on the site of Solomon's temple, when the manuscript abruptly closes. Whether this manuscript were left incomplete, as occasioned by the death of its author, or whether it be a mutilated copy, we have no means of ascertaining. It is barely probable that a manuscript which communicated infor mation upon a subject so interesting to those about to undertake the pilgrimage should not have been often copied, and preserved in conventual libraries, but this alone has reached us.

If, in the few accounts by the earliest religious travellers after the first crusade, we are disappointed by the unprofitable read

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ing of merely the names of places on the route, and that we may search in vain for valuable information of any kind, a comparative praise is fairly due to Fitz-Simeon. 9 None of his precursors approach him in any degree. We should not estie mate his work with reference to what he has omitted to notice but by that which he has detailed with a certain accuracy of observation and we must read with indulgence, or pass over, the legendary stories which he mingles with his more valuable narrative, as characteristic of his peculiar profession, and of the age in which he lived. We shall be forcibly struck with the exact accordance of his description of many objects of curiosity with that of modern and enlightened travellers, although he was born in an era of obscurity and superstition. But it must be remembered that these observations were made of a country where no lapse of time has effected either abrogation or change in the uniformity of its manners and customs. Time2 bus sred -wod gainioj asldon Isqiong en oudt s o es llow as Tow &

wo aid of bet Memoirs of Zehir-ed-din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of "Hindustan, written by himself, in the Jaghatai Turki, and translated, partly by the late John Leyden, Esq. M.D., partly by 219 William Erskine, Esq., with Notes and a Geographical and Historical Introduction: together with a Map of the Countries e9between the Oxus and Jaxartes, and a Memoir regarding its "Construction, by Charles Waddington, Esq. of the East India Company's Engineers. London, 1826. 4to. 10 giv08

IN noticing the travels of Bernier in India, principally with a view of displaying the romantic nature of history in the East, we made a sketch of the Mogul dynasty from the popular and current sources of such materials. The remarkable incidents of the life of Baber, with the rest of his race, were touched upon. His autobiography, however, while it is naturally infinitely more minute than the scanty works which relate to this remote period, also shows that great errors have prevailed respecting the tion and conduct of the founder of the Mogul empire. A copy he situa of this most curious piece of biography, which was so scarce as only to have been indistinctly heard of by Sir William Jones, in spite of all his researches, having fallen into good hands, a translation was undertaken by the indefatigable Dr. Leyden. When he died, this formidable task was left unfinished, and Mr.

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the mummies. He is silent with respect to coffee, opium, and tobacco, nossential

a luxury to the inhabitants of Egypt; but it should be recollected that the use of them had not then universally obtained. et bas de sis mach a bus

Erskine, who appears to have been fully competent to complete it, by his industry, learning, and intelligence, has now produced a work to the world, edited in all respects in a manner worthy of the subject, of its great author, of the strange and striking in cidents it describes, and the great results which followed his achievements.We propose to amplify our former selection of characteristic examples of Eastern story from the rich stores laid up in this volume.

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9Atothe death of Omer-Sheikh, the father of Baber, he was only twelve years of age. It was at this early period of life, and in the year A. D. 1494, that he entered upon his career as king of Ferghana, a country of Great Bucharia or Maweralnaher, lying on the river Sirr or Jaxartes. When the accident occurred to Omer-Sheikh which deprived him of life, his dominions were on the point of being invaded by his brother, the king of Bokhara and Samarkand; so that the young prince succeeded to a war as well as to a throne. The principal nobles joining, however, heartily in his cause, the uncle, after some fruitless attempts, finally retreated to his own dominions. An uncle by the mother's side, a Khan of the Moghuls, made a similar hostile inroad, and with like success. At the age of twelve it may be supposed that many of the cares of royalty did not rest on the shoulders of Baber; and yet, in his own account of all subsequent transactions, he reasons concerning his own motives, and divides the shares which others took in them, in a manner which would lead to suppose that with the name he assumed the power of sovereignty. Of his early prowess we have numerous instances: before he attained the age of nineteen, he had lost and won cities and districts of great name and vast importance; perhaps he was as early in the council as in the field. At the age of fifteen he" mounted," as he phrases it, and laid siege to Samarkand, which he finally succeeded in reducing. Of this celebrated city Baber gives a pleasant and particular account; for it is his practice, and in his hands a good one, to make no acquaintance, or to visit no country, without drawing its portrait; a task he performs with a fidelity, spirit, and fulness of information, which would surprise those who in oriental writing expect only florid figures and violent metaphors. When Baber got possession of Samarkand and its provinces, the city had sustained a severe siege, and was found destitute of supplies either of money or provision. Until harvest nothing was to be expected for the subsistence of the soldiers, and they were no sooner reduced to some distress than each began to think of returning home. They commenced desertion by twos and threes: Baber had reason to fear that he should be left alone in his conquest; and at length the fugitives openly expressed their intentions, and in direct terms refused to remain. At this critical mo

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ment, Andejân, Baber's capital, from which he had fitted out his expedition, was claimed by some principal nobles for Jehangir, Baber's brother, and as the request was refused, they broke out into open rebellion and laid siege to Andejân. Unluckily, Baber happened at this moment to fall into a severe fit of sickness, and, though repeatedly pressed by his friends in Andejân to come to their succour, his malady utterly prevented him from moving. His begs and cavaliers despairing of his life, began to shift for themselves the intelligence arriving at Andejân, produced a similar feeling there; and thus was the youthful prince left to perish on a sick bed in the very heart of his conquest, while elsewhere he was in the act of losing his hereditary domain. The letters came from his mother and other friends, imploring aid; and some mitigation of the malady permitting him to arise from his couch, Baber made a great effort, and, after a reign of a hundred days in Samarkand, left that city to succour his capital. On his route he ascertained that Andejân had been surrendered on the very day he left Samarkand: thus was he by one stroke deprived of all his territories. "I now," says he, "became a prey to melancholy and vexation; for since I had been a sovereign prince, I had never before been separated in this manner from my country and followers: and since the day that I had known myself, I had never experienced such grief and suffering." A few followers still adhered to his fortunes, and he made an attempt to recover Samarkand in vain. In smaller expeditions he had various success; and thus actively employed the interval of his exile and distress, until he was invited by one of the rebel nobles to take possession of a principal town in his hereditary dominions. Other places were obtained by force, and ultimately Andejân itself was regained, and Baber entered his capital after an absence of two years, and in his seventeenth year. The chief cause of Baber's misfortunes had existed in a body of troops in his service, of the Moghul race, which must be carefully distinguished from the Turki: both are called by us, Tartars; but in features, character, manners, and language, a broad distinction exists. Baber was

connected with both races, but he every where expresses his hatred of the Moghuls; and on this occasion he does not forget! to attribute the villany of the rebels to their being of that detested nation. On the recovery of Andejân, these Moghuls, who had left him at Samarkand, were found in the town. They quickly broke out in another mutiny, and marched to join Tambol, a powerful noble, who at this time was maintaining the claims of Baber's younger brother to his throne. He had just before defeated one of Baber's armies, and it becoming necessary to resist his progress, Baber assembled another army, and put himself at the head of it. On this occasion he fought

his first battle. The enemy was routed and a number of prisoners were taken," whose heads," says the auto-biographer, "I ordered to be struck off." For some time Baber was harassed by the operations of this Tambol, who ultimately joining with Sheibani Khan, the Uzbek Tartar, a powerful chief, who seized upon the whole country, and proved the great enemy of Baber's early life, succeeded in driving the young prince once more from his capital. Though inferior in experience and in power, Baber's activity and spirit of enterprise enabled him to make a formidable resistance to the invaders of his rights. When deprived. of his hereditary kingdom, he made more than one attempt on Samarkand, and in the end succeeded in regaining this city, over which a part of his family had reigned for the last one hundred and forty years. We will let Baber describe this exploit himself,

ff One or two days after seeing this dream, I went from the fort of Asfendek to that of Wasmand. Although I had once already set out to surprise Samarkand, and, after reaching the very suburbs, had been obliged to return, from finding the garrison on the alert ; neverthe less, placing my confidence in the Almighty, I once more set out from Wasmand on the same enterprize, after mid-day prayers, and pushed on for Samarkand with the greatest expedition. Khwâjeh Abdal Makaram was along with me. At midnight we reached the bridge of the Moghak at the Khiawân (or public pleasure-ground), whence I detached forward seventy or eighty of my best men, with instructions to fix their scaling-ladders on the wall opposite to the Lovers' Cave, to mount by them and enter the fort; after which they were to proceed immediately against the party who were stationed at the Firôzehgate, to take possession of it, and then to apprize me of their success by a messenger. They accordingly went, scaled the walls opposite to the Lovers' Cave, and entered the place without giving the least alarm. Thence they proceeded to the Firôzeh-gate, where they found Fazil Terkhân, who was not of the Terkhân Begs, but a Terkhân merchant of Tûrkestân, that had served under Sheibâni Khan in Turkestân, and had been promoted by him. They instantly fell upon Fâzil Terkhân, and put him and a number of his retainers to the sword, broke the lock of the gate with axes, and threw it open. At that very moment I came up to the gate and instantly entered. Abul Kasim Kohbur did not himself come on this enterprize, but he sent his younger brother Ahmed Kâsim with thirty or forty of his followers. There was no person with me on the part of Ibrâhim Terkhân; but, after I had entered the city, and while I was sitting in the Khanekâh (or convent), Ahmed Terkhân, his younger brother, arrived with a party of his retainers. The citizens in general were fast asleep, but the shopkeepers, peeping out of their shops, and discovering what had happened, offered up prayers of thanksgiving. In a short time the rest of the citizens were apprized of the event, when they manifested great joy, and most hearty congratulations passed on both sides between them and my followers. They pursued the

VOL. II.-PART II.

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