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Line 35. Chibouque's dissolving cloud. Pipe. Line 36. Almas. Dancing girls. Page 348, line 68. Saick. [A Turkish or Grecian vessel.]

Page 349, line 160, Zatanai. Satan.

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Page 350, line 225. Gulnare. A female name; means, literally, the flower of the pomegranate. Page 353, line 451. Till even the scaffold echoes with their jest! In Sir Thomas More, for instance, on the scaffold, and Anne Boleyn, in the Tower, when grasping her neck, she remarked, that it was too slender to trouble the headsman much.' During one part of the French Revolution, it became a fashion to leave some 'mot' as a legacy; and the quantity of facetious last words spoken during that period would form a melancholy jest-book of a considerable size.

Page 355, line 1. Slow sinks, more lovely ere his race be run. The opening lines as far as section II. have, perhaps, little business here, and were annexed to an unpublished (though printed) poem; but they were written on the spot in the spring of 1811, and I scarce know why the reader must excuse their appearance here if he can. [Compare the beginning of The Curse of Minerva, which was published later than the present poem.]

Page 357, line 139. His only bends in seeming o'er his beads. The combolois, or Mohametan rosary; the beads are in number ninety-nine.

Page 364, line 605. And the cold flowers her colder hand contain'd. In the Levant it is the custom to strew flowers on the bodies of the dead, and in the hands of young persons to place

a nosegay.

Page 366, line 1. The Serfs are glad. The reader is apprised, that the name of Lara being Spanish, and no circumstance of local and natural description fixing the scene or hero of the poem to any country or age, the word 'Serf,' which could not be correctly applied to the lower classes in Spain, who were never vassals of the soil, has nevertheless been employed to designate the followers of our fictitious chieftain. [Byron elsewhere intimates, that he meant Lara for a chief of the Morea.],

Page 385, line 77. Spahi's bands. [See note on The line of Carasman, page 326, line 201.]

Page 386, line 141. Coumourgi. Ali Coumourgi, the favourite of three sultans, and Grand Vizier to Achmet III. after recovering Peloponnesus from the Venetians in one campaign, was mortally wounded in the next, against the Germans, at the battle of Peterwaradin (in the plain of Carlowitz), in Hungary, endeavouring to rally his guards. He died of his wounds next day. His last order was the decapitation of General Breuner, and some other German prisoners; and his last words, Oh, that I could thus serve all the Christian dogs!' a speech and act not unlike one of Caligula. He was a young man of great ambition and unbounded presumption: on being told that Prince Eugene, then opposed to him, was a great general,' he said, I shall become a greater, and at his expense.'

Page 389, line 460. And their white tusks crunch'd o'er the whiter skull. This spectacle I have seen, such as described, beneath the wall of the Seraglio at Constantinople, in the little cavities worn by the Bosphorus in the rock, a narrow terrace of which projects between the wall and the water.

Line 469. And each scalp had a single long tuft of hair. This tuft, or long lock, is left from a superstition that Mahomet will draw them into Paradise by it.

Page 390, line 522. Sent that soft and tender moan. I must here acknowledge a close though unintentional resemblance in these twelve lines to a passage in an unpublished poem of Mr. Coleridge, called Christabel. It was not till after these lines were written that I heard that wild and singularly original and beautiful poem recited; and the MS. of that production I never saw till very recently, by the kindness of Mr. Coleridge himself, who, I hope, is convinced that I have not been a wilful plagiarist. The original idea undoubtedly pertains to Mr. Coleridge, whose poem has been composed above fourteen years. Let me conclude by a hope that he will not longer delay the publication of a production, to which I can only add my mite of approbation to the applause of far more competent judges. [The following are the lines in Christabel which Byron unintentionally imitated:

'The night is chill, the forest bare,
Is it the wind that moaneth bleak?
There is not wind enough in the air
To move away the ringlet curl
From the lovely lady's cheek-
There is not wind enough to twirl
The one red leaf, the last of its clan,
That dances as often as dance it can,
Hanging so light, and hanging so high,

On the topmost twig that looks at the sky.']

Page 391, line 643. There is a light cloud by the moon. I have been told that the idea expressed in this and the five following lines has been admired by those whose approbation is valuable. I am glad of it: but it is not original at least not mine; it may be found much better expressed in pages in 182-3-4 of the English version of Vathek (I forget the precise page of the French), a work to which I have before referred; and never recur to, or read, without a renewal of gratification. The following is the passage:

Deluded prince!" said the Genius, addressing the Caliph, "to whom Providence hath confided the care of innumerable subjects; is it thus that thou fulfillest thy mission? Thy crimes are already completed; and art thou now hastening to thy punishment? Thou knowest that beyond those mountains Eblis and his accursed dives hold their infernal empire; and, seduced by a malignant phantom, thou art proceeding to surrender thyself to them! This moment is the last of grace allowed thee: give back Nouronahar to her father, who still retains a few sparks of life: destroy thy tower, with all its abominations: drive Carathis from thy councils: be just to thy subjects:

respect the ministers of the prophet: compensate for thy impieties by an exemplary life; and, instead of squandering thy days in voluptuous indulgence, lament thy crimes on the sepulchres of thy ancestors. Thou beholdest the clouds that obscure the sun: at the instant he recovers his splendour, if thy heart be not changed, the time of mercy assigned thee will be past forever." [Byron was throughout his life morbidly sensitive of any charge or suspicion of plagiarism.]

Page 392, line 688. The horsetails are pluck'd from the ground. The horsetails, fixed upon a lance, a pacha's standard.

Line 717. He who first downs with the red cross. ['What vulgarism is this!

He who first lowers, GIFFORD.]

-or plucks down,' etc.

Page 393, line 805. And since the day, when in the strait. In the naval battle at the mouth of the Dardanelles, between the Venetians and Turks.

Page 396, line 1069. The jackal's troop. I believe I have taken a poetical license to transplant the jackal from Asia. In Greece I never saw nor heard these animals; but among the ruins of Ephesus I have heard them by hundreds. They haunt ruins, and follow armies.

Line 14. As twilight melts beneath the moon away. The lines contained in this section were printed as set to music some time since, but belonged to the poem where they now appear, the greater part of which was composed prior to Lara.

Page 402. THE PRISONER OF CHILLON. When this poem was composed, I was not sufficiently aware of the history of Bonnivard, or I should have endeavoured to dignify the subject by an attempt to celebrate his courage and his virtues. With some account of his life I have been furnished, by the kindness of a citizen of that republic, which is still proud of the memory of a man worthy of the best age of ancient freedom :

'François de Bonnivard, fils de Louis de Bonnivard, originaire de Seyssel et Seigneur de Lunes, naquit en 1496. Il fit ses études Turin: en 1510 Jean Aimé de Bonnivard, son oncle, lui résigna le prieuré de St. Victor, qui aboutissait aux murs de Genève, et qui formait un bénéfice considérable.

'Ce grand homme-(Bonnivard mérite ce titre par la force de son âme, la droiture de son cœur, la noblesse de ses intentions, la sagesse de ses conseils, le courage de ses démarches, l'étendue de ses connaissances et la vivacité de son esprit), - ce grand homme, qui excitera l'admiration de tous ceux qu'une vertu héroique peut encore émouvoir, inspirera encore la plus vive reconnaissance dans les cœurs des Genevois qui aiment Genève. Bonnivard en fut toujours un des plus fermes appuis: pour assurer la liberté de notre république, il ne craignit pas de perdre souvent la sienne; il oublia son repos; il méprisa les richesses; il ne négligea rien pour affermir le bonheur d'une patrie qu'il honora de son choix: dès ce moment il la chérit comme le plus

zélé de ses citoyens; il la servit avec l'intrépidité d'un héros, et il écrivit son Histoire avec la naiveté d'un philosophe et la chaleur d'un patriote.

Il dit dans le commencement de son Histoire de Genève, que dès qu'il eut commencé de lire l'histoire des nations, il se sentit entrainé par son goût pour les républiques, dont il épousa toujours les intérêts; c'est ce goût pour la liberté qui lui fit sans doute adopter Genève pour sa patrie.

Bonnivard, encore jeune, s'annonça hautement comme le défenseur de Genève contre le Duc de Savoye et l'Evêque.

En 1519, Bonnivard devint le martyr de sa patrie; le Duc de Savoye étant entré dans Genève avec cinq cents homines, Bonnivard craignit le ressentiment du Duc; il voulut se retirer à Fribourg pour en éviter les suites; mais il fut trahi par deux hommes qui l'accompagnaient, et conduit par ordre du Prince à Grolée, où l resta prisonnier pendant deux ans. Bonnivard était malheureux dans ses voyages: comme ses malheurs n'avaient point ralenti son zèle pour Genève, il était toujours un ennemi redoutable pour ceux qui la menaçaient, et par conséquent il devait être exposé à leurs coups. Il fut rencontré en 1530 sur le Jura par des voleurs, qui le dépouillèrent, et qui le mirent encore entre les mains du Duc de Savoye : ce prince le fit enfermer dans le Château de Chillon, où il resta sans être interrogé jusque en 1536; il fut alors délivré par les Bernois, qui s'emparèrent du Pays de Vaud.

Bonnivard, en sortant de sa captivité, eut le plaisir de trouver Genève libre et réformée: la république s'empressa de lui témoigner sa reconnaissance, et de le dédommager des maux qu'il avait soufferts; elle le reçut bourgeois de la ville au mois de juin, 1536; elle lui donna la maison habitée autrefois par le Vicaire-général, et elle lui assigna une pension de deux cents écus d'or tant qu'il séjournerait à Genève. Il fut admis dans le Conseil des Deux-Cents en 1537

Il parait que Bonnivard mourut en 1570; mais on ne peut l'assurer, parcequ'il y a une lacune dans le Nécrologe depuis le mois de juillet, 1570, jusqu'en 1571.' (SENEBIER, Histoire Littéraire de Genève.]

Lines 2, 3. Nor grew it white In a single night. Ludovico Sforza, and others. The same is asserted of Marie Antoinette's, the wife of Louis XVI., though not in quite so short a period. Grief is said to have the same effect: to such, and not to fear, this change in hers was to be attributed.

Page 403, line 111. Chillon's snow-white battlement. The Chateau de Chillon is situated between Clarens and Villeneuve, which last is at one extremity of the Lake of Geneva. On its left are the entrances of the Rhone, and opposite are the heights of the Meillerie and the range of Alps above Boveret and St. Gingo. Near it, on a hill behind, is a torrent: below it, washing its walls, the lake has been fathomed to the depth of 800 feet, French measure: within it are a range of dungeons, in which the

early reformers, and subsequently prisoners of state, were confined. Across one of the vaults is a beam black with age, on which we were informed that the condemned were formerly executed. In the cells are seven pillars, or, rather, eight, one being half merged in the wall; in some of these are rings for the fetters and the fettered: in the pavement the steps of Bonnivard have left their traces. He was confined here several years. It is by this castle that Rousseau has fixed the catastrophe of his Héloïse, in the rescue of one of her children by Julie from the water; the shock of which, and the illness produced by the immersion, is the cause of her death. The chateau is large, and seen along the lake for a great distance. The walls are white.

Page 406, line 341. And then there was a little isle. Between the entrances of the Rhone and Villeneuve, not far from Chillon, is a very small island; the only one I could perceive, in my voyage round and over the lake, within its circumference. It contains a few trees (I think not above three), and from its singleness and diminutive size has a peculiar effect upon the view.

Page 407, line 56. Hetman. [A Cossack chief.]

Page 408, line 129. John Casimir. [He was proclaimed king of Poland in 1649.]

Line 157. Rich as a salt or silver mine. This comparison of a salt mine' may, perhaps, be permitted to a Pole, as the wealth of the country consists greatly in the salt mines.

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Page 417, line 101. Brandy for heroes!' [It appears to have been Dr. Johnson who thus gave honour to Cognac. He was persuaded,' says Boswell, to take one glass of claret. He shook his head, and said, Poor stuff!-No, Sir, claret is the liquor for boys; port for men; but he who aspires to be a hero (smiling) must drink brandy."'-CROKER's Boswell, iv. 252.] Page 419, line 1. How pleasant were the songs of Toobonai. The first three sections are taken from an actual song of the Tonga Islanders, of which a prose translation is given in Mariner's Account of the Tonga Islands. Toobonai is not however one of them; but was one of those where Christian and the mutineers took refuge. I have altered and added, but have retained as much as possible of the original.

The

Page 421, line 182. The desert-ship. Oriental figure for the camel or dromedary., Line 193. Had form'd his glorious namesake's counterpart. The consul Nero who made the unequalled march which deceived Hannibal, and defeated Hasdrubal.

Page 423, line 291. And Loch-na-gar with Ida look'd o'er Troy. When very young, about eight years of age, after an attack of the scarlet fever at Aberdeen, I was removed by medical advice into the Highlands. Here I passed occasionally some summers, and from this period I date my love of mountainous countries. I can never forget the effect, a few years afterwards, in England, of the only thing I had long seen, even in miniature, of a mountain, in the Malvern Hills.

After I returned to Cheltenham, I used to watch them every afternoon, at sunset, with a sensation which I cannot describe. This was boyish enough; but I was then only thirteen years of age, and it was in the holidays. [Compare the verses entitled Lachin y Gair, page 117.]

Page 424, line 407. Than breathes his mimie murmurer in the shell. [Byron alludes in a note to the celebrated passage on the sea-shell in Landor's Gebir.]

Page 425, line 447. Sailor or philosopher. Hobbes, the father of Locke's and other philosophy, was an inveterate smoker, -even to pipes beyond computation.

Page 426, line 531. That will do for the marines. That will do for the marines, but the sailors won't believe it,' is an old saying; and one of the few fragments of former jealousies which still survive (in jest only) between these gallant services.

Page 427, line 52. No less of human bravery than the brave! Archidamus, king of Sparta, and son of Agesilaus, when he saw a machine invented for the casting of stones and darts, exclaimed that it was the grave of valour.' The same story has been told of some knights on the first application of gunpowder; but the original anecdote is in Plutarch.

Page 431, line 121. Around she pointed to a spacious cave. Of this cave (which is no fiction) the original will be found in the ninth chapter of Mariner's Account of the Tonga Islands. I have taken the poetical liberty to transplant it to Toobonai, the last island where any distinct account is left of Christian and his comrades.

Page 433, line 226. The kindling ashes to his kindled breast. The tradition is attached to the story of Eloisa, that when her body was lowered into the grave of Abelard (who had been buried twenty years), he opened his arms to receive

her.

Page 434, line 334. He tore the topmost button from his vest. In Thibault's account of Frederic the Second of Prussia, there is a singular relation of a young Frenchman, who with his mistress appeared to be of some rank. He enlisted and deserted at Schweidnitz; and after a desperate resistance was retaken, having killed an officer, who attempted to seize him after he was wounded, by the discharge of his musket loaded with a button of his uniform. Some circumstances on his court-martial raised a great interest amongst his judges, who wished to discover his real situation in life, which he offered to disclose, but to the king only, to whom he requested permission to write. This was refused, and Frederic was filled with the greatest indignation, from baffled curiosity, or some other motive, when he understood that his request had been denied.

Page 437, line 33. My pleasant task is done. [The Gerusalemme Liberata.],

Line 49. Oh Leonora! wilt not thou reply? [Leonora d'Este, sister of the sovereign who imprisoned him from 1579 to 1586. It is not now commonly believed that Tasso suffered for this supposed love of the princess.]

Page 444, line 291. A Cortejo.' Cortejo is pronounced Corteho, with an aspirate, according to the Arabesque guttural. It means what there is as yet no precise name for in England, though the practice is as common as in any tramontane country whatever.

Page 445, line 363. Raphael, who died in thy embrace. [Raphael died in 1520, according to a tradition vagis amoribus delectatus.]

Page 446, line 368. While yet Canova can create below.

(In talking thus, the writer, more especially

Of women, would be understood to say,

He speaks as a spectator, not officially,

And always, reader, in a modest way; Perhaps, too, in no very great degree shall he Appear to have offended in this lay,

Since, as all know, without the sex, our sonnets Would seem unfinish'd, like their untrimm'd bonnets.) (Signed) PRINTER'S DEVIL.

Line 369. England! with all thy faults I love thee still.' [Cowper, The Task, ii. 206.] Line 401. Oh that I had the art of easy writing. ['But easy writing's curst hard reading.'SHERIDAN.]

Page 449, line 575. No bustling Botherbys. [Compare the satire The Blues.]

Page 454, lines 127, 128. Holland deigns to own A sceptre. [The Prince of Orange received the title of King of the Netherlands in 1814.]

Page 457, line 68. And doom this body forfeit to the fire. [On the 27th of January, 1302, Dante was mulcted eight thousand lire, and condemned to two years' banishment; and in case the fine was not paid, his goods were to be confiscated. On the 11th of March, the same year, he was sentenced to a punishment due only to the most desperate of malefactors. The decree, that he and his associates in exile should be burned, if they fell into the hands of their enemies, was first discovered, in 1772, by the Conte Ludovico Savioli.]

Page 458, line 172. And that fatal she. [Gemma, Dante's wife, by whom he had seven children, did not follow him into exile; but there is no sufficient reason to suppose she was anything but a faithful and good wife. One feels throughout the poem that Byron is thinking a little too much of himself and his own exile.]

Page 459, line 91. Nine moons shall rise o'er scenes like this. [Referring to this siege and capture of Rome by the Constable of Bourbon, who himself perished in the assault.]

Page 461, line 46. Conquerors on foreign shores and the far wave. Alexander of Parmea, Spinola, Pescara, Eugene of Savoy, Montecucco.

Line 47. Discoverers of new worlds. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Sebastian Cabot.

Line 80. He who once enters in a tyrant's hall. [Words from Sophocles quoted by Pompey taking his last leave of his wife and soney on Line 83. A captive, sees his half of manhood gone. [Odyssey, xvii. 322.]

Page 464, line 67. The stream of his great thoughts shali spring from me. [It is well known

that Michael Angelo greatly admired Dante. His copy of Dante with illustrations on the broad margins was lost at sea.]

Line 87. Her charms to pontiffs proud. See the treatment of Michael Angelo by Julius II., and his neglect by Leo X.

Page 465, line 141. What have I done to thee, my people?' [Popule mi, quid feci tibi?'. the beginning of one of Dante's letters to the people of Florence.]

Page 466, line 34. If, like Pepin, Charles had had a writer. [Referring to Saint Boniface who upheld Pepin.]

Line 48. Giusaffa's. [The Valley of Jehoshaphat.]

Page 468, line 130. He took Cortana, and then took Rondell. [Cortana, his sword; Rondell, his horse.]

Page 470, line 278. Macon. [Another form of Mahound, or Mahomet.]

Page 481, line 192. When the moon is on the wave. [These verses were written in Switzerland, in 1816, and transmitted to England for publication, with the third canto of Childe Harold. As they were written,' says Moore, 'immediately after the last fruitless attempt at reconciliation, it is needless to say who was in the poet's thoughts while he penned some of the opening stanzas."]

Page 482, line 312. Mix'd with the sweet bells of the sauntering herd. [The germs of this, and of several other passages in Manfred, may be found in the Journal of his Swiss tour, which Lord Byron transmitted to his sister: e. g. 'Sept. 19.

Arrived at a lake in the very bosom of the mountains; left our quadrupeds, and ascended further; came to some snow in patches, upon which my forehead's perspiration fell like rain, making the same dents as in a sieve; the chill of the wind and the snow turned me giddy, but I scrambled on and upwards. Hobhouse went to the highest pinnacle. The whole of the mountains superb. A shepherd on a steep and very high cliff playing upon his pipe; very different from Arcadia. The music of the cows' bells (for their wealth, like the patriarchs', is cattle) in the pastures, which reach to a height far above any mountains in Britain, and the shepherds shouting to us from crag to crag, and playing on their reeds where the steeps appeared almost inaccessible, with the surrounding scenery, realised all that I have ever heard or imagined of a pastoral existence-much more so than Greece or Asia Minor; for there we are a little too much of the sabre and musket order, and if there is a crook in one hand, you are sure to see a gun in the other: but this was pure and unmixed - solitary, savage, and patriarchal. As we went, they played "Ranz des Vaches" and other airs, by way of farewell. I have lately repeopled my mind with nature.']

Page 485, lines 95, 96. The sunbow's rays still arch The torrent. This iris is formed by the rays of the sun over the lower part of the Alpine torrents: it is exactly like a rainbow come down to pay a visit, and so close that you may walk into it: this effect lasts till noon.

Page 486, lines 186, 187. He who from out their fountain dwellings raised Eros and Anteros. [While Jamblicus was bathing with his scholars in the hot baths of Gadara, he summoned up Eros and Anteros from two springs which bore the names of these love-gods.]

Page 487, line 276. The Spartan Monarch drew. [The story is related in Plutarch's Life of Cimon. Pausanias murdered the virgin Cleonice by mistake in the night, thinking she was an enemy. He was haunted by her image until at Heraclea he invoked her spirit and obtained this information, that he would soon be delivered from all his troubles, after his return to Sparta. The oracle was fulfilled by death.]

Page 491. MANFRED, ACT III., SCENE I. [The third Act, as originally written, being shown to Mr. Gifford, he expressed his unfavorable opinion of it very distinctly; and Mr. Murray transmitted this opinion to Lord Byron. The result is told the following extracts from his letters: Venice, April 14, 1817.The third Act is certainly d-d bad, and, like the Archbishop of Grenada's homily (which savoured of the palsy), has the dregs of my fever, during which it was written. It must on no account be published in its present state. I will try and reform it, or re-write it altogether; but the impulse is gone, and I have no chance of making any thing out of it. The speech of Manfred to the Sun is the only part of this Act I thought good myself; the rest is certainly as bad as bad can be, and I wonder what the devil possessed me. I am very glad indeed that you sent me Mr. Gifford's opinion without deduction. Do you suppose me such a booby as not to be very much obliged to him? or that I was not, and am not, convinced and convicted in my conscience of this same overt act of nonsense? I shall try at it again; in the mean time, lay it upon the shelf- the whole Drama I mean. — Recollect not to publish, upon pain of I know not what, until I have tried again at the third act. I am not sure that I shall try, and still less that I shall succeed if I do.'-Rome, May 5. -I have re-written the greater part, and returned what is not altered in the proof you sent me. The Abbot is become a good man, and the Spirits are brought in at the death. You will find, I think, some good poetry in this new Act, here and there; and if so, print it, without sending me farther proofs, under Mr. Gifford's correction, if he will have the goodness to overlook it.']

Line 13. The sought Kalon' found. [The beautiful, the summum bonum of human existence.]

Page 492, line 56. Against your ordinances? prove and punish! [Thus far the text stands as originally written. The sequel of the scene, as given in the first MS., is as follows:

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Abbot. Then, hear and tremble! For the headstrong wretch

Who in the mail of innate hardihood

Would shield himself, and battle for his sins,

There is the stake on earth, and beyond earth eternal

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The fetters creak- and his ebon beak

Croaks to the close of the hollow sound;
And this is the tune, by the light of the moon,
To which the witches dance their round-
Merrily, merrily, cheerily, cheerily,

Merrily, merrily, speeds the ball:

The dead in their shrouds, and the demons in clouds, Flock to the witches' carnival.

Abbot. I fear thee not- hence hence-
Avaunt thee, evil one!-help, ho! without there!
Man. Convey this man to the Shreckhorn - to its
peak-

To its extremest peak-watch with him there
From now till sunrise; let him gaze, and know
He ne'er again will be so near to heaven.
But harm him not; and, when the morrow breaks,
Set him down safe in his cell-away with him!
Ash. Had I not better bring his brethren too,
Convent and all, to bear him company?

Man. No, this will serve for the present. Take him up.

Ash. Come, friar! now an exorcism or two, And we shall fly the lighter.

ASHTAROTH disappears with the ABBOT, singing as follows:

A prodigal son, and a maid undone,

And a widow re-wedded within the year;
And a worldly monk, and a pregnant nun,
Are things which every day appear.

MANFRED alone.

Man. Why would this fool break in on me, and force My art to pranks fantastical? - no matter, It was not of my seeking. My heart sickens, And weighs a fix'd foreboding on my soul: But it is calm calm as a sullen sea After the hurricane; the winds are still, But the cold waves swell high and heavily, And there is danger in them. Such a rest Is no repose. My life hath been a combat, And every thought a wound, till I am scarr'd In the immortal part of me. - What now?]

Line 88. When Rome's sixth emperor was near his last. [See Suetonius' Life of Nero, xlix.] Page 493, lines 176, 177. The giant sons Of

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