TABLE X-6.-Distribution of gross investment in the Soviet Union, 1933–37, 1948,

Source: N. Kaplan in A. Bergson (editor): Soviet Economic Growth (Row, Peterson & Co., Evanston, Ill., 1953), pp. 52-66.

2 Source: A. Nove: Soviet Budgets After Stalin, The Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXVI: 415-424, 1954; p. 420.

3 Includes manufacturing, mining, utilities, construction, forestry, and fisheries. 41933-36 average.

Includes investments self-financed by collective farms and others financed by long-term credits from the State Agricultural Bank.

TABLE XI-1.-The national income of Poland by industrial origin, in constant (1938) prices

: Calculated from Mauldin and Akers (1954) as follows: (1) It was assumed that the labor force grew, from 1931 to 1938, at the same rate as total population, or by 9 percent

(cf. pp. 19, 165). The 1938 estimate (including military) is 16.1 million persons. (2) The
total of employment in industry and handicrafts in 1938 was 2.11 million, or 0.19 million
less than in 1931. But this decline and more was concentrated in handicrafts, since
employment in manufacturing, mining, and utilities grew from 634,000 in 1931 to 808,000
in 1938 (Polish Ministry of Information, 1941, p. 111). Employment in transportation,
communication, and construction has been increased by the same proportion, 27 percent.
Since the calculated total employment in industry, handicrafts, transport, and construc-
tion in 1938 closely approximated that for 1931, the size of the other civilian services had
been held constant, at 1.86 million. However, the Armed Forces estimate was raised
from 190,000 in 1931 to 350,000 in 1938. so that the total employment in services in 1938 has
been assessed at 2.45 million. To the total nonagricultural employment of 5.05 million
in 1938 must be added at least 400,000 unemployed (Buell, 1939, pp. 139-142).
In sum,
the nonagricultural component of the Polish labor force in 1938 is estimated to have been
5.45 million, leaving 10.65 million persons in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
15 Centralny Urzad Planowania (1947, p. 121).

16 Based on the following calculations; In 1931, 84.5 percent of the rural population was dependent upon agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; also 49.8 percent of the agricultural population was in the labor force (Mauldin and Akers, 1954, pp. 123, 165). In 1946, only

78.3 percent of the rural population depended on agriculture and related pursuits (Ibid.,
p. 123; Centralny Urzad Planowania, p. 121), but the participation rate had climbed to
58.7 percent. It is estimated that, with the continuing decline of handicrafts and private
trade, and with counterbalancing increases in education and other Government services,
the percentage of the rural population in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries returned to
85 percent by 1948 and then climbed to an asymptotic 90 percent by 1952 and 1953. At
the same time, the revival of education and the increase in the birth rate after 1946 unques-
tionably forced some decline in the rate of participation in the agricultural labor force.
Arbitrarily we may say it reached a point halfway between the 1946 peak and the 1931
level by 1953, i. e., 54.3 percent. For other years the figures are interpolated. Finally,
the size of the rural population can be estimated from Mauldin and Akers' data as 16.2
million in 1947, 16.3 million in 1948, and 15.3 million in 1952 and 1953.

17 Calculated from data on railroad freight and passenger traffic, partially interpolated.
The weights used for net income produced are 1 metric ton-kilometer=0.0236 1938 zlotys,
and 1 passenger-kilometer=0.0360 1938 zlotys. Source data include Centralny Urzad
Planowania (1947, p. 83) and U. N. ECE transportation (1953, pp. 83, 108).

18 See note 16.

19 Centralny Urzad Planowania (1947, p. 121).

20 Interpolated from data for 1946 and July 1949. (See note 19, and Mauldin and Akers,
1954, p. 94.)
21 Based on an index of building materials output (cement, bricks, glass), cf. table XI-2
and Central Statistical Office (1949, p. 74). The official figure for 1947, 496 million 1938
zlotys originated in construction (id., p. 1), probably understates the private sector.
22 Extrapolated from the 1950-52 of the building materials index. (See table XI-2 and
U. N. E/ECE 174 (1954, p. 275).)

23 The 1938 figure is from official data. For subsequent years, the figures are based on
relative estimates for civilian and military employment in services: 2.20 million in 1938,
2.05 million in 1946, 2.10 million in 1947, 2.15 million in 1948, and 2.80 million in 1952 and
1953.

24 Estimated total employment: 1938, 15.6 million; 1946, 12.0 million; 1947, 12.4 million;
1948, 12.8 million; 1952. 14.5 million; and 1953, 14.6 million; or as an index with 1938-100.
1946, 76.9; 1947, 79.5; 1948, 82.0; 1952, 92.9; and 1953, 93.6.

TABLE XI-2.-Poland: Index of large and medium-scale mining and manufacturing, selected commodities 1

TABLE XI-3.-The Polish gross national product, by end-use, 1938-52

4 Government consumption, including its components, calculated as follows: (a) The official figure of Polish national income (Marxist) in 1947 in 1937 (=1938) prices was 3.3 percent lower than the national income calculated in table XI-1. In addition, an allowance of 4 percent had to be introduced for depreciation, making the total expansion coefficient 1.074. (b) This coefficient was applied to the Polish figure on national income (Marxist) in 1947 prices, giving an estimate of 1,495 billion 1947 zlotys for the 1947 gross national product. (c) The figure for investment as a share of gross national product in 1938 zlotys was deflated by a coefficient of 0.808, corresponding to the difference in the share of industry in the national income as expressed in 1947 rather than in 1937 prices. (d) The residual product, in 1947 prices, then corne sponded to 1,281 billion 1947 zlotys. Of this residual product, 11.4 percent was taken by government current expenditures (including transfer payments), and including 3.41 percent for defense, 2.57 percent for health and education, and 5.39 percent for other current civil uses. (e) The residual product was then recomputed in 1938 terms by equating it to 82.3 percent of the gross national product. (Internal allocations within the residual product were retained in 1947 price relationships, assuming that the shifts in searcities. between 1937 and 1947 did not significantly affect consumers' goods-services relations. (g) Private consump tion is a terminal residual. (See Central Office of Statistics, 1949).

Government consumption in current prices in 1952 is derived from the official budgetary figures. (Dziennik Ustaw No. 17, Apr. 11, 1952) linked to the gross national product estimate by two assumed relationships: (a) That all investment is included in the budget. (5) That, as a result of systematic gov ernment policies to foster urbanization and industrialization, current prices (heavily affected by both subsidies and turnover taxes) correspond closely to the scarcity relationships of 1938 rather than the freer market conditions of 1947.

Includes the expenses of the Communist Party.

Of which 4.1 for administration and about 9.2 for net transfers to the Soviet account. See also U, N. E/ECE, 1954, p. 61.

Investment datum in 1938 zlotys (2.8 billion) from Secomski (1950), as a percentage of gross national product in 1938 zlotys, cf. note 1.

The estimate of investment was calculated in 2 ways: (a) By deflating the official figure on gross investment in 1952, 7.5 billion 1938 zlotys (derived from Beirut, 1953). The coefficient of deflation used was the ratio of the calculated value of industry and handicrafts in 1952 (10,05 billion zlotys, cf. table XI-1) to the official value of 14.0 billion zlotys. This deflated the official investment figure to 5.41 billion 1938 zlotys. (b) The other method was a more laboricus direct calculation, involving an estimate of the shares of 1938 gross investment derived from construction and outlays for producers' durable, respectively. The esti mate reached was 1.75 billion 1938 zlotys for construction (including the incomes originated in construction, one-half of ferrous metallurgy; all stone, glass and ceramics, and 80 percent of wood products) and 0.55 billion 1938 zlotys for producers' durables. The value of construction in 1952 was calculated by multiplying the 1938 figure by 1.97, the index for building materials reached in 1952 (table XI-1, 2). That for producers' durables was calculated by working out the ratio between the average increment in electrical power production in 1951-53 to that in 1938, or 3.73. (For base data see Central Statistical Office, 1949, p. 2. U. N. E/ECE 174, p. 275.) The resulting estimate for 1952 investment is 5.50 billion 1938 zlotys. (c) The final figure used, 5.45 billion 1938 zlotys is an average of the 2 estimates. 10 Estimated depreciation of 4 percent added to national income. 1919, p. 231.

For population estimate, see Mauldin and Akers (1954, p. 104). is 1947, 68.2; 1952, 73.9.

See table XI-1 and U. N. EȚECE,

Index of population, with 1938=100,

Data on end-use of national product derived from Polish Ministry of Information (1941, p. 156), Centralny Urzad Planowonia (1947, p. 156) and Secomski (1950). The government expenditures are for the fiscal year 1938-39.