DESCENT OF MAN,

い

AND

SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX.

BY

CHARLES DARWIN, M. A., F. R. S., ETC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

IN TWO VOLUMES.-VOL. I.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,

549 & 551 BROADWAY.

1871.
H

LANE MEDICAL LIBRAR.

THE EVIDENCE OF THE DESCENT OF MAN FROM SOME LOWER FORM.

Nature of the Evidence bearing on the Origin of Man.-Homologous struct-

ures in Man and the Lower Animals.-Miscellaneous Points of Corre-

spondence.-Development.-Rudimentary Structures, Muscles, Sense-

organs, Hair, Bones, Reproductive Organs, etc.-The Bearing of these

three great Classes of Facts on the Origin of Man,

CHAPTER II.

P. 9

COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS.

The Difference in Mental Power between the IIighest Ape and the Lowest

Savage, immense.-Certain Instincts in common.-The Emotions.-

Curiosity.-Imitation.-Attention.-Memory.-Imagination.--Reason.

-Progressive Improvement.-Tools and Weapons used by Animals.

-Language.-Self-Consciousness.-Sense of Beauty.-Belief in God,

Spiritual Agencies, Superstitions,

CHAPTER III.

P. 33

COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS-

continued.

The Moral Sensc.-Fundamental Proposition.-The Qualities of Social

Animals.-Origin of Sociability.-Struggle between Opposed In-

stincts.-Man a Social Animal.-The more enduring Social Instincts

conquer other less Persistent Instincts.-The Social Virtucs alone re-

garded by Savages.-The Self-regarding Virtues acquired at a Later

Stage of Development.-The Importance of the Judgment of the

Members of the same Community on Conduct.-Transmission of

Moral Tendencies.-Summary,

page 67

CHAPTER IV.

ON THE MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT OF MAN FROM SOME LOWER FORM.

Variability of Body and Mind in Man.-Inheritance.-Causes of Varia-

bility.-Laws of Variation the same in Man as in the Lower Animals.

-Direct Action of the Conditions of Life.-Effects of the Increased

Use and Disuse of Parts.-Arrested Development.-Reversion.—Cor-

related Variation.-Rate of Increase.-Checks to Increase.-Natural

Selection.-Man the most Dominant Animal in the World.-Impor-

tance of his Corporeal Structure.-The Causes which have led to his

becoming erect.-Consequent Changes of Structure.--Decrease in

Size of the Canine Teeth.-Increased Size and Altered Shape of the

Skull.-Nakedness.-Absence of a Tail.-Defenceless Condition of

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL FACULTIES

DURING PRIMEVAL AND CIVILIZED TIMES.

The Advancement of the Intellectual Powers through Natural Selection.-

Importance of Imitation.-Social and Moral Faculties.-Their Develop-

ment within the Limits of the same Tribe.-Natural Selection as af-

fecting Civilized Nations.-Evidence that Civilized Nations were once

barbarous,

P. 152

CHAPTER VI.

ON THE AFFINITIES AND GENEALOGY OF MAN.

Position of Man in the Animal Series.-The Natural System genealogical.

-Adaptive Characters of Slight Value.-Various Small Points of Re-

semblance between Man and the Quadrumana.-Rank of Man in the

Natural System.-Birthplace and Antiquity of Man.-Absence of

Fossil Connecting-links.-Lower Stages in the Genealogy of Man, as

inferred, firstly from his Affinities and secondly from his Structure.-

Early Androgynous Condition of the Vertebrata.-Conclusion, p. 178

CHAPTER VII.

ON THE RACES OF MAN.

The Nature and Value of Specific Characters.-Application to the Races

of Man.-Arguments in favor of, and opposed to, ranking the So-

called Races of Man as Distinct Species.-Sub-species.-Monogenists

and Polygenists.-Convergence of Character.-Numerous Points of

Resemblance in Body and Mind between the most Distinct Races of

Man.-The State of Man when he first spread over the Earth.-Each

Race not descended from a Single Pair.-The Extinction of Races.-

The Formation of Races.-The Effects of Crossing.-Slight Influence

of the Direct Action of the Conditions of Life.-Slight or no Influence

of Natural Selection.-Sexual Selection,

page 206

PART II.

SEXUAL SELECTION.

CHAPTER VIII.

PRINCIPLES OF SEXUAL SELECTION.

Secondary Sexual Characters.-Sexual Selection.-Manner of Action.-

Excess of Males.-Polygamy.-The Male alone generally modified

through Sexual Selection.-Eagerness of the Male.-Variability of

the Male.-Choice exerted by the Female.-Sexual compared with

Natural Selection.-Inheritance, at Corresponding Periods of Life, at

Corresponding Seasons of the Year, and as limited by Sex.-Relations

between the Several Forms of Inheritance.-Causes why one Sex and

the Young are not modified through Sexual Selection.-Supplement on

the Proportional Numbers of the two Sexes throughout the Animal

Kingdom.-On the Limitation of the Numbers of the two Sexes

through Natural Selection,

P. 245

CHAPTER IX.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE LOWER CLASSES OF THE ANIMAL

KINGDOM.

These Characters absent in the Lowest Classes.-Brilliant Colors.-Mol-

lusca.-Annelids.-Crustacea, Secondary Sexual Characters strongly

developed; Dimorphism; Color; Characters not acquired before

Maturity. Spiders, Sexual Colors of; Stridulation by the Males.—

Myriapoda,

P. 312