connect the State with San Francisco, and with the Central Pacific south of the Blue Mountains. It is expected also that a branch of the Northern Pacific, which is already well under way, will be constructed to Portland, Oregon.

OVERBECK, FRIEDRICH, an eminent German painter, born at Lubeck, July 3, 1789; died in Rome, November, 1869. He commenced his studies as an artist at Vienna in 1806; but having adopted certain notions on art, and the mode of studying it, essentially different from those inculcated in the academy, he was expelled, together with certain other students who entertained the same views, and in 1809 went to Rome. Here he was soon afterward joined by Cornelius and Schadow; and these three, animated by similar ideas, and mutually encouraging each other, laid the foundation of a school that now holds & high rank, and has in no small degree influenced the taste for art in Europe at the present time. A picture of the Madonna, which he painted at Rome in 1811, brought him into marked notice. He was next employed, together with his associates, by the Prussian consul, Bartholdi, to decorate his villa with frescos, and here Overbeck executed his "Joseph Sold into Captivity," and "The Seven Years of Famine." After completing these he painted in fresco, in the villa of the Marchese Massini, five large compositions from Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered." In 1814, with several of his associates, he embraced the Roman Catholic faith, and from that time devoted his pencil more exclusively than ever to religious subjects. His chief work is a fresco at Assisi, "The Miracle of Roses of St. Francis," and his greatest picture in oil-colors is "The Influence of Religion on Art," preserved in the Stadel Institute in Frankfort. One of his last undertakings, a series of designs from the Evangelists, deli-, cately engraved in the line manner, is a work of great merit. Through his entire career as an artist, he adhered to the views with which he started, viz.: a thorough devotion to the style of the Italian masters prior to the period of the Renaissance, and a strong impression that form or drawing in the style of Greek or classic art is inadmissible in works embodying religious subjects. Most of his best works are familiar throughout Europe and America, and the most distinguished German engravers have employed themselves in reproducing his compositions.

OWEN, JOHN JASON, D. D., LL. D., an eminent Greek scholar, author, and commentator;

born at Colebrook, Connecticut, August 13, 1803; died in New York City, April 18, 1869. His parents having removed to Kingsboro, New York, he commenced his preparations for an academic course under the tutorship of the Rev. Elisha Yale. He graduated at Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1828, and at the Andover Theological Seminary, Massachusetts, in September, 1831. The following year he took up his residence in New York, was ordained to the Christian ministry by the Third Presbytery, and immediately became connected, as secretary, with the Presbyterian Educational Society. He occasionally occupied his leisure time in preaching, but never took charge of any church. When the Cornelius Institute was established, he took direct control of it. About that time he commenced perfecting his knowledge of Greek and Latin, devoting his spare hours to their study with his own ardor and assiduity. He was particularly fond of the former language. The result was, the appearance at different times of translations of several Greek authors, which have since become text-books and standard works of reference in many educational institutions. Among them may be mentioned his Greek Reader, a preparatory book, which was first issued in 1842; Homer's Iliad, 1851; Thucydides, 1849, and also Homer's Odyssey, and Xenophon's Anabasis and Cyropædia. These books attracted considerable attention and scrutiny, and were warmly welcomed by all scholars. It was a frequent remark of Prof. Owen's that theological students were unable to combine the study of Greek and of the Bible at the same time, to remedy which he finally translated the Acts of the Apostles into Greek, appending a dictionary of the words in the same language. His most extensive literary undertaking was his Commentaries on the Gospels, the first volume of which appeared in 1857. Two volumes have since been printed, and manuscript for a third was in readiness for the printer at the time of his death. In November, 1848, Prof. Owen retired from the head of Cornelius Institute, in order to accept an appointment as Professor of the Latin and Greek Languages and Literature at the New York Free Academy. On the 7th of July, 1853, he was chosen Vice-Principal of the academy under Professor Webster, continuing as such until the 2d of May, 1866, when the name of the Institution was changed to that of the New York Free College, of which he became VicePresident.

PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. President, General Francisco Solano Lopez, born in 1827; assumed the presidency on September 10, 1862. Area of Paraguay proper (situated between the Rivers Parana and Paraguay), 73,000 English square miles; but, including part of the Grand Chaco, a disputed territory on the right bank of the Paraguay, between Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Argentine Republic, and a small tract of land between the Parana and Uruguay, to which Paraguay lays claim, the territory would exceed 200,000 square miles. The population, in 1867,

amounted to 1,337,431.

A division of iron-clads left Asuncion on the 5th of January, and, entering the Manduvira on the 6th, chased six Paraguayan steamers to a narrow river, seventy miles from the Paraguay, but were there stopped by the Paraguayans sinking a steamer across the narrow channel. Being unable to follow the chase farther, the Brazilian vessels returned to Asuncion. During the pursuit the Paraguayans abandoned a nearly-completed steamer, an old one cut down, a schooner laden with tackling and cordage, and a number of barges and boats.

Lopez ordered the crews and guns of the steamers to be removed to his new position at Birabibi, in the mountains, where he had 5,000 men, and was actively recruiting.

The American minister, General McMahon, and the French and Italian consuls, were still with Lopez. As regards the forces of the contending parties at the beginning of 1869, it seems that the Paraguayans under Lopez numbered about 9,000, and the allies, under the command of the Marquis Caxias, 18,000 men. The allies for a while were inactive. Caxias left his command on account of alleged sickness, giving it up to Marshal Guilherme de Souza. This indecision gave Lopez time to recover and to fortify himself in his new position at the mouth of the Tebicuari. Paranhos, the Brazilian commissioner to Paraguay, endeavoring to bring the war to a close, made propositions of peace to the Paraguayans on the following conditions: that the independence of Paraguay shall not be impaired; that the freedom of navigation of the Rio Paraguay and the Rio de la Plata be guaranteed, and that Lopez renounce his claims to a portion of the Chaco territory and the province of Matto Grosso.

This proposition was not accepted. The Paraguayans were determined to fight to the bitter end. The prisoners of war, released by the allies at Angostura, rejoined Lopez, who made several very successful raids into the territory held by the allies. On April 14th the new commander-in-chief of the allies, Count d'Eu, arrived at Asuncion, and applied himself first to

remedying abuses and providing for a vigorous campaign.

In March General McMahon, the minister of the United States in Paraguay, was recalled by the new Administration in Washington.

The following is President Grant's letter to Lopez, informing him of McMahon's recall:

Great and Good Friend: Mr. Martin T. McMahon, who has for some time resided near the Government of the Republic of Paraguay, in the character of minreturn to this country, I have directed him to take ister resident of the United States, being about to leave of your Excellency. Mr. McMahon, whose instructions had been to cultivate with your Government relations of the closest friendship, has been directed, on leaving Paraguay, to convey to your strengthen and extend the friendly intercourse now Excellency the assurance of our sincere desire to happily subsisting between the two Governments, and to secure to the people of the two countries a continuance of the benefits resulting from that interformer instructions leads me to hope that he will course. The zeal with which he has fulfilled his execute his last commission in a manner agreeable to your Excellency.

Written at Washington the fifteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine. Your good friend, U. S. GRANT.

By the President:

HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State.

At the formal departure from Lopez, General McMahon addressed him as follows:

of Paraguay having terminated, I have the honor to Your Excellency: My mission near the Government place in your Excellency's hands the autograph letter of the President of the United States, announcing my recall. The heroism and noble perseverance which I have witnessed during my short residence in this country has filled me with profound and lasting interest in the lot of its people. I hope sincerely that the day is not far distant when the din of arms will cease forever within the confines of the republic, and that the heroic sacrifices made by the gallant people just reward in the prosperity and lasting indepenover whom your Excellency presides will meet their dence of their country. I now fulfil the last duty with which I am intrusted, by expressing to your Excellency the sincere desire of the President of the United States to strengthen and draw closer the the two Governments, and to insure to each people friendly relations happily existing at present between the benefits resulting therefrom. I offer you this assurance with the greatest pleasure, from the fact that, during my mission near your Excellency's Govslightest degree with these friendly relations, and I ernment, nothing has occurred to interfere in the devoutly hope that they will ever continue on the same footing.

To this President Lopez made the following reply:

worthy representative of the greatest of republics Mr. Minister: I had cherished the hope that the would have been a witness to the end of the heroic sacrifices made by this people for their existence, whatever be the final lot which the God of nations may design for them. I feel flattered, nevertheless, this generous people, and, while our voice is stifled, at the just terms in which you recall the heroism of they will serve to prove to the world that the Para

on them, that the Brazilian commander estimates their loss at 500 killed, out of the 1,200 engaged. All the cannon, two flags, some arms, etc., were taken.

General McMahon was attended to the Brazilian lines by a Paraguayan guard of officers, under the command of General Caballero-next to Lopez the most prominent man in the Paraguayan camp. On arriving at General Polidoro's headquarters, General McMahon was received with marked respect, and shortly after an aide-de-camp arrived from the Count d'Eu, with an invitation to visit him at his headquarters. He accepted the invitation, and was received by his Imperial Highness with every mark of distinguished consideration. A guard of Brazilian soldiers, under the command of Captain Rice, accompanied him to Asuncion.

When the allies, after several months of inactivity, resumed the offensive, they were at first much harassed by Lopez's bold troopers. General Barreto, with over 2,000 cavalry, failed to advance on Villa Rica, to join General Portinno's brigade, which was attempting a march from the Upper Parana, but, on returning from the Tebicuari, he found he could not get over that river where he struck it, and thought it advisable to make no further stay, looking for fords, but to hurry back with all possible dispatch; and, in fact, it was only by a series of forced marches that he managed to escape being caught in the narrow roads through the woods. As it was, his rear-guard, which had fallen behind nine or ten miles, in trying to bring along some 8,000 Paraguayan non-combatants, was cut off from the main body; the Paraguayans, under Caraballo, coming in by a side-road, and fortifying during the night the narrow bush-road which formed the communication. On being informed of this Barreto turned back, and abandoned his rear-guard to its fate. The Count d'Eu, on hearing that Barreto was threatened by the Paraguayans, hurried off brigades of cavalry and infantry to his assistance, and rescued the rear-guard, but all the Paraguayan refugees had disappeared. Most of the Brazilian rear-guard saved themselves by abandoning their horses and by taking to the woods, living on what they could find till their friends came up. Barreto brought into camp between 3,000 and 4,000 Paraguayan women, children, and old men, who were started ahead, and thus were not recaptured.

A victory was obtained by a Brazilian force that marched against San Pedro, while 1,200 Paraguayans were trying to place a deep river between them and the greatly superior corps marching to attack them. Three hundred Paraguayans were surrounded and taken, the rest tried to cross the river, and, while doing so, they suffered so severely from the fire poured

the country gradually rises to the central chain of Paraguay, where the elevation reaches over 3,000 feet. In those highlands the Paraguayan women were raising food, while the men guarded the approaches and could retire from position to position into still more difficult regions; the gaps were well defended by abattis and earthworks; on the flat tops of the mountains Lopez had his heaviest cannon so placed as to sweep the gaps and command the works below; he was, however, very much in need of arms and ammunition. The Brazilian commander was aware of Lopez's pertinacity and his own difficulties, as set forth plainly and frankly in a statement subsequently made.

The attack upon Ascurra, which had been for several months the stronghold of Lopez, was retarded by heavy rains. When the Brazilians advanced, they received a serious check and were thrown back upon their base, their rear-guard being defeated during the retreat. Count d'Eu was baffled in every attempt to make a satisfactory reconnoissance of approaches to Ascurra, although he commanded the entire line from Asuncion to Villa Rica. On August 21st, the Argentine cavalry cut off 300 to 400 Paraguayans escorting some baggage, but the advanced troops of the allies fell back. The main army, according to official Brazilian reports, reached Perebebuy on the 10th of August. On the 12th, this place was attacked and taken after a stubborn struggle. The place was defended by 2,000 men. The taking of Perebebuy caused Lopez, as it appears, to abandon Ascurra. The allies continued their pursuit, and forced Lopez to accept battle on August 16th. Lopez was beaten, and left 23 cannon, his loss being estimated by the Brazilian reports at 2,000. At the Hondo another skirmish took place, with the same result. On August 18th the six vessels of Lopez, which were beached near Caraguatay, in the Taguy, were burned by the Paraguayans. The allied loss at the taking of Perebebuy is given at 645 killed and wounded. The town was badly chosen for defence, being on the slope of a hill, and commanded from several points. The Paraguayans were caught as in a trap, the works being entered on three sides; but they resisted desperately, even the women taking part with lances and sticks, and hurling bottles and stones at the allied soldiery. General Joao Manoel Menna Barreto was killed.

After these reverses, Lopez retreated slowly, holding his ground as pertinaciously as could be expected. The Indians in the east of Paraguay seemed to remain loyal to him, and he sent officers to them to organize and train

them. He had still about 5,000 men, but began to be out of ammunition, while his cavalry was poorly mounted. He established his headquarters at St. Estanislas to collect supplies and men (50 miles from the river Paraguay). The loss of the Brazilians during the struggles in August is said, by Paraguayan sources, to have amounted to 8,000 men. The allies prepared to return from Paraguay, and the Argentine contingent was called back. Count d'Eu gave his command to General Polidoro. Early in the year, the allies had appointed in Asuncion a provisional government. In August the Provisional Government issued a decree, offering free grants of land along the Upper Parana for the importation of live cattle. The Government also abolished the monopoly on yerba, the Paraguayan tea. This was the only tax imposed upon the people by the late government, and it yielded an immense revenue, the tea being purchased by the government at about twenty-five cents the twenty-five pounds, and sold to exporters at about $8.

In September, Lopez retired still farther, to San Joaquin, the allies remaining rather inactive, as pursuit became more and more difficult. In November, the Brazilians crossed the Tejui-Guaza River, and surrounded the position of Lopez, which was promptly abandoned, the Paraguayans being closely pursued by cavalry, which pushed on to Ingatime, where machinery for making gunpowder was found and destroyed. Lopez then retreated beyond the Maracaya. The latest news from the seat of war was very contradictory. The allies several times reported the flight of Lopez to Bolivia; but these reports were up to the end of the year found to be incorrect, as he still continued his guerilla warfare. At the close of the year the Argentine, as well as a considerable portion of the Brazilian troops, were called home, a small force being regarded as sufficient to prevent the return of Lopez to power.

PARDEE, RICHARD G., a promoter and organizer of Sabbath-schools, and an author, born in Sharon, Schoharie County, N. Y., October 12, 1811; died in New York, February 4, 1869. The first sixteen years of his life were spent upon his father's farm, attending, as he had opportunity, the district school. In 1828 he went to Seneca Falls, where he acted for a short time as clerk in the postoffice, and afterward obtained a situation in a dry-goods store. In 1840 he removed to Palmyra, in Wayne County, and was there engaged in business until 1852, when he removed to Geneva, and a year later to New York City, having accepted the position of General Agent for the New York Sunday - school Union. Here he remained for a period of ten years, exhibiting marked enterprise and efficiency in the management of the affairs of the Union, developing and extending its influence until it became a conspicuous feature in the religious institutions of that city. About 1863 he resigned his position in order

to labor more effectually in the Sunday-school, although, at the same time, he entered into the employment of a life-insurance company. During the last five years of his life he visited nearly every State in the Union, attending conventions, lecturing before Sunday-schools, and everywhere showing an indefatigable assiduity in the promotion of the Sunday-school work, laboring among all denominations alike. He was the author of a volume entitled "The Sabbath-school Index," several articles in religious periodicals, giving his experiences in, and views on, Sunday-school matters, and also of a work on horticulture.

PARK, ROSWELL, D. D., an Episcopal clergyman, college professor and president, and author, born in Conn., in 1807; died in Chicago, Ill., July 16, 1869. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in July, 1827, and graduated in 1831, ranking first in his class. He was immediately appointed second-lieutenant of the Corps of Engineers, and served as assistant-engineer in the construction of Fort Adams, Newport Harbor, from 1831 to 1833; of Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, from 1833 to 1836, and of the Delaware Breakwater, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, in 1836. On the 30th of September, 1836, he resigned his commission, and was immediately appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained till 1842. In 1842 he received deacon's, and, in 1843, priest's orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was, for two years, employed in the pastorate. But teaching was his appropriate vocation, and, in 1845, we find him the Principal of Christ-Church Hall, a high-school in Pomfret, Conn., which he conducted with great success till 1852. In 1850, Norwich University, Vt., conferred on him the honorary degree of D. D., and called him to the presidency of the university. He declined, but two years later accepted the presidency of Racine College, Wisconsin, retaining the position till 1859, and serving as chancellor of the college from 1859 to 1863. In 1863 he removed to Chicago, and founded a literary and scientific school for young men near that city, to which he gave the name of Immanuel Hall. Of this school he was the rector and proprietor till his death. Dr. Park had a high reputation as a physicist, and kept up his acquaintance with physical science through life. He was the author of "A Sketch of the History of West Point," 1840; "Pantology, or a Systematic Survey of Human Knowledge," 1841; "Hand-Book for American Travellers in Europe," 1853; "Jerusalem and Other Poems," 1857, and a number of occasional addresses, lectures, etc.

PEABODY, GEORGE, a banker of London, and the most liberal philanthropist of ancient or modern times, born in Danvers, Mass., February 18, 1795; died in London, Eng., November 4, 1869. He was descended from a

good family of the old English stock, his ancestor Francis Paybody having come to New England in 1637, and having attained to a prominent position and considerable wealth in the colony during a long life there. Some of his numerous descendants, and among them the parents of George Peabody, had met with misfortunes and were poor. In consequence of their poverty they were unable to give any considerable opportunities of education to their children. After acquiring the scanty rudiments of an education, little more than the ability to read and write, George Peabody became, at the age of eleven years, a clerk in the grocery-store of Sylvester Proctor in Danvers. Three years later, he went to Vermont and lived for a year with his grandfather, Mr. Dodge, at Thetford. In 1811, his elder brother, David, had opened a dry-goods shop in Newburyport, Mass., and sent for George, from Thetford, to become his clerk. Not long after he entered upon his duties there, a destructive fire occurred, and his brother, with many others, was ruined. He next went with an uncle-John Peabody, who had at one time been esteemed wealthy, but who had failed in 1811-to Georgetown, D. C. Here his uncle started a store, conducting business from prudential considerations in his nephew's name, though he was still a minor, and very soon intrusting it entirely to his management. His genius for mercantile pursuits soon developed itself, and attracted the attention of some eminent business men. Meantime fearing that, if he continued in business in his own name, he would be held responsible for debts of relatives which he had never

contracted, he withdrew, in 1814, to become the partner of Mr. Elisha Riggs, in the wholesale dry-goods trade, that gentleman supplying the capital, the management of which he confided to the young merchant. At Baltimore, next year, the new house entered upon a large and growing business, insomuch that, in 1822, it could afford to establish branches in New York and Philadelphia. The business still increasing, Mr. Peabody soon had the opportunity of making repeated voyages to Europe for the purchase of goods, and several times on his transatlantic journeys was intrusted with affairs of moment by the State of Maryland. By the retirement of Mr. Riggs, in 1829, he became the head of his house, and in 1837 settled in London, four years afterward withdrawing from the firm of Peabody, Riggs & Co., and establishing himself as a banker. At this time he was already a man of large wealth. He had also performed noteworthy service for the public. During the commercial and financial crisis of 1837, he was appointed by the Maryland Legislature one of three commissioners to negotiate a loan. This duty was none of the lightest. In England all American securities were looked upon with suspicion because of the neglect of some of the States to pay the interest on their debt held abroad, and because of the numerous failures which were weekly reported. Mr. Peabody's

influence, however, was sufficient to obtain the loan, and, in appreciation of his service on this occasion, the State afterward officially recorded her obligation "for his generous devotion to the interests and honor of Maryland." During these trying days he struggled manfully to sustain the credit of his native country, and it is not awarding him too much praise to say that the restoration of confidence in the ability and purpose of the United States to pay their debts was due more to his efforts than to those of any other man. He had won a high reputation in both Europe and America for commercial ability, strict integrity, and a wise foresight and discrimination in his business transactions, and in a few years his house became the leading one for American securities in Europe, and the one on which letters of credit were very generally drawn. His courtesy and attention to Americans who had letters of credit on George Peabody & Co., were very gratifying to the recipients and spread his fame widely. His house in London became the headquarters of American news and acquaintance. In 1851, when the prospects of the American department of the great World's Fair in London were very dark, Congress refusing an appropriation, Mr. Peabody came forward, and by his liberality supplied the deficiency. Toward Dr. Kane's Arctic expedition he gave $10,000. An American writer in London, since his death, gives the following account of his remarkable courtesies to American travellers:

During 1851 Mr. Peabody commenced inviting to dinner every person who brought a letter of credit on his house. The thing had been unknown heretofore. day or two after his arrival there was a polite note of He showed to the stranger particular attentions. A invitation to dinner at the "Star and Garter," or to a Sunday's fete at Hampton Court, or to a sail on the Thames, or, at least, to an 'At Home" at Club Chambers, left at his door. Simply as a business investment, his outlays paid. From 1851 to 1861, on which latter year he retired from active interest in his firm, the drafts upon him in American letters of credit increased twenty-fold. To defend themselves, the other leading houses were obliged to adopt the great metropolis, owes it to Mr. Peabody's examhis plan, and to-day the American stranger, visiting ple that he finds not his money only, but a social welcome, in the bills of exchange he presents.

At the head of the dinner-table, as the host of the numerous fêtes given at Richmond Hill, Blackwall, and Hampton Court, in his spacious suite of apartments at Club Chambers, or among guests at his extemporized pleasure-parties, Mr Peabody was one of the most genial of men. His gentle bearing, quiet humor, constant attention, and thorough good-breedin the social qualities of others, laughing among the ing-added to his appreciation of whatever was good heartiest at a well-told story or brilliant repartee, and never flagging in his interest up to the latest hour of night-made him, as a friend and companion, of July, 1851, that Mr. Peabody gave the international

one of the most desirable of men. It was on the 4th

entertainment at Willis's Rooms, which brought him his first English notoriety. He had become somewhat known among Americans before this as a giver of good dinners. Not being in English society, however (for up to 1861 even he had never been presented at court, nor was a member of any one of the leading clubs-indeed, his nomination at the Reform had been black-balled), there were grave difficulties in