number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be
raised, officered, cloathed, armed and equipped in the same manner as
the quota of such State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge
that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in
which case they shall raise, officer, cloath, arm and equip as many of such
extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and
men so cloathed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place ap-
pointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress
assembled.

The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war,
nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into
any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof,
nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and wel-
fare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow
money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor
agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the
number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in
chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same: nor
shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to
day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United
States in Congress assembled.

The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgment require secresy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States.

ARTICLE X. The committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.

ARTICLE XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.

ARTICLE XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States,

APPENDIX

X

APPENDIX
X

for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

ARTICLE XIII. Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State.

And whereas it has pleased the Great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the Legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union. Know ye that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: and we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done
at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of July
in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-
eight, and in the third year of the independence of America.1

On the part & behalf of the State of New Hampshire.
JOHN WENTWORTH, Junг.,
August 8th, 1778.

JOSIAH BARTLETT,

On the part and behalf of the State of Massachusetts Bay.

On the part and behalf of the State of Rhode Island and Providence

On the part and in behalf of the State of New Jersey, Novr. 26, 1778.

On the part and behalf of the State of Maryland.

JOHN HANSON, March 1, 1781. DANIEL CARROLL, Mar. 1, 1781.

On the part and behalf of the State of Virginia.

RICHARD HENRY LEE,

JOHN BANISTER,

JNO. HARVIE,

FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE.

THOMAS ADAMS,

On the part and behalf of the State of No. Carolina.

JOHN PENN, July 21st, 1778.

CORNS. HARNETT,

JNO. WILLIAMS.

APPENDIX

X

A

DISSERTATION

ON THE

POLITICAL UNION

AND

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

THIRTEEN UNITED STATES

OF

NORTH AMERICA,

which is necessary to their Preservation and Happiness; humbly offered to the Public

By a Citizen of Philadelphia

PHILADELPHIA

PRINTED AND SOLD BY T. BRADFORD, IN FRONT STREET,

THREE DOORS BELOW THE COFFEE HOUSE,

MDCCLXXXIII1

1 Title-page as originally printed.

XI

THE EPOCH-MAKING TRACT OF PELATIAH WEB-
STER, OF FEBRUARY 16, 1783, IN WHICH IS EM-
BODIED THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE EXISTING
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

I. The supreme authority of any State must have power enough to effect the ends of its appointment, otherwise these ends cannot be answered, and effectually secured; at best they are precarious. But at the same time,

'APPENDIX

XI

II. The supreme authority ought to be so limited and checked,
if possible, as to prevent the abuse of power, or the exercise of powers
that are not necessary to the ends of its appointment, but hurtful and t
oppressive to the subject; but to limit a supreme authority so far as to
diminish its dignity, or lessen its power of doing good, would be to de-
stroy or at least to corrupt it, and render it ineffectual to its ends.

III. A number of sovereign States uniting into one Commonwealth,
and appointing a supreme power to manage the affairs of the Union,
do necessarily and unavoidably part with and transfer over to such su-
preme power, so much of their own sovereignty as is necessary to render
the ends of the union effectual, otherwise their confederation will be an
union without bands of union, like a cask without hoops, that may
and probably will fall to pieces, as soon as it is put to any exercise
which requires strength.

In like manner, every member of civil society parts with many of his
natural rights, that he may enjoy the rest in greater security under the
protection of society.

The Union of the Thirteen States of America is of mighty conse-
quence to the security, sovereignty, and even liberty of each of them,
and of all the individuals who compose them; united under a natural,
well adjusted, and effectual Constitution, they are a strong, rich, grow-
ing power, with great resources and means of defence, which no foreign
power will easily attempt to invade or insult; they may easily command
respect.
it least

As their exports are mostly either raw materials or provisions, and
their imports mostly finished goods, their trade becomes a capital ob-
ject with every manufacturing nation of Europe, and all the southern
colonies of America; their friendship and trade will of course be courted,
and each power in amity with them will contribute to their security.

Their union is of great moment in another respect: they thereby form a superintending power among themselves, that can moderate and terminate disputes that may arise between different States, restrain

на