CONSTRUCTION (continued) — interpretation clause authoritative, § 402. contemporaneous legislative construction high evidence of intention, so far as it professes to declare the past or present meaning of statute, policy of law, how considered for, § 407. CONTEMPORANEOUS CONSTRUCTION - when invoked, § 307. length of time continued important consideration, § 312. has implied judicial, legislative and popular sanction, §§ 307, 309. where statute doubtful, effect of long construction by inferior courts, of constitution, long acquiesced in, § 307. by official usage, § 309. judicial interpretation, § 310. CONTEXT- may serve to engraft an exception to general words by implication, § 216. words expanded or limited to agree with general intent, § 218, 237–246. 241. when the words not certain, intent may be collected from context, etc., may modify meaning and effect of words of absolute repeal, § 242. and of particular words and expressions, § 242. may show the word orphan to mean minor, § 242. jury merely a credible person, § 242. birds not live animals, § 242. may show intent that limited expression shall be expanded, § 245. to be consulted to learn in what sense words intended to be used, § 246. popular meaning of words accepted unless contrary intention appears otherwise when the context shows different intention though a "and" and " "or" used indifferently, unless other intent indicated in, effect of, showing repeated use of same words, § 254. available to correct mistakes, § 260. effect of associated words, §§ 262–265. effect of, when general words follow particular, §§ 268–281. CONTINUING POWER- when not conferred, § 432. CONTRACTS — illegal when in contravention of law, §§ 335, 336. may be valid though contravening revenue regulations, § 336. what are, within prohibition of laws impairing obligation of, § 472. state, like a natural person, bound by its contracts, § 472. municipal charters not, § 473. charters giving bounties, patents and copyrights are, § 473. may be validated by statute, § 474. of state, protected from impairment like those of private persons, § 475. if a contract a nullity it cannot be made good by subsequent legislation, when, may be made good by statute, § 483. CONTRADICTIONS - cannot stand together, § 217. how resolved where general provision, applicable to multitude of sub- considerations of reason and justice have weight in adjusting such effect of analogies in such case, § 217. effect of total conflict, § 220. effect of, by provisos and saving clauses, § 221. CONVENIENCE- argument based on, forcible, § 152. out of place against plainly expressed intention, § 238. considered in construction of statutes, §§ 322, 324. argument upon, has no force when the law is plain, §§ 325, 332. presumption that inconvenience, injustice and absurdity not intended, acts remedial when intended to promote public, § 438. CONVICTION— can be none for offense unless the law violated be in force, § 166. established by public law, judicially noticed, § 295. municipal, vested with portion of governmental authority, § 380. confined in their action to powers granted, § 380. grants to, whether public or private, strictly construed, §§ 380, 381, 383. charter construed with reference to the whole, and not the individuals, cannot be created except by statute, § 382. powers of, only such as statutes confer, § 382. no particular form of words necessary to create, § 383. may result from necessary implication, § 383. CORPORATIONS (continued) — enumeration of powers implies exclusion of others, § 382. may be organized under general law for every purpose within its lan- even for a business which could not have been within the legislative granting to common council power to judge of the election of its mem- must pursue statutory modes when any are prescribed; otherwise may grants of special powers to, to be followed as mandatory, § 456. construction of law authorizing, to act when certificate of organization must conform their action to law of their creation, § 456. all subject to the exercise of the essential powers of government, § 473. COSTS - statutes allowing, how construed, § 371. statutory provision permissive in form as to, imperative, § 461. construction of statute relative to payment of by county when convict COUNTIES subject to legislative control, § 473. COURTS - construction of foreign law by, § 192. have power to declare invalidity of unconstitutional laws, § 331. of two possible constructions will adopt that which will maintain stat- will not pervert language and sense of statute to maintain it when judicially notice public statutes, § 335. what included in supervisory power over inferior tribunals, § 342. inherent power of, to make rules, § 342. statutes not presumed to be intended to oust jurisdiction of superior, constitutional directions as to scope of decision directory, § 452. statutory direction that instructions to jury be in writing, how con- that they caution jury, directory, § 452. to advertise adjournment of, directory, § 452. of their own records, § 299. not of what relates to another case, § 299. COURTS (continued) - provisions granting special powers to, mandatory, § 456. words permissive in form, or importing power and authority, imper- may declare statutes, contravening constitution, void, § 169. take judicial notice of public statutes, §§ 181, 198. and their derivation, validity, commencement and operation, § 181. will inform themselves of facts which affect statutes, §§ 181-183, 292–312. cannot correct excesses or omissions in, § 235. confined to statutory power, § 391. to take notice of all proper records affecting the validity of statutes, power of to make rules, § 68. to determine what are general laws, § 118. are not to determine when general laws can be made applicable, § 118. none implied in public grants, § 378. CRIMES- are in their nature local, § 12. punishable exclusively in the country where committed, § 12. CRIMINAL MIND- necessary to conviction for offenses, §§ 354, 355. in what the wrongful intention may consist, § 355. by-laws may be violated without this element, § 355. reasonable belief in existence of circumstances may rebut, § 355. may have exculpating effect, like absence of reasoning faculty, CUMULATIVE- grant of jurisdiction, when not exclusive, §§ 396, 399. new remedy where one already exists, § 399. CURATIVE ACT- as to instruments recorded, held not repealed by subsequent statute pro- have a wholesome effect, § 206. legislature has power to pass, § 483. if they do not interfere with vested rights nor impair obligation of when valid, § 483. may validate contracts and deeds defectively executed, acknowledged or recorded, § 482. marriage may be validated, § 483. and offspring legitimated, § 483. jurisdictional facts being wanting, a proceeding requiring them fatally and such defects cannot be cured by legislation, § 484. DAMAGES- allowed by statute for causing death, § 371. resulting from intoxication, §§ 373–377. DEATH no apportionment of, among vendors of liquors, § 377. - statutes giving right of action for, to widow and next of kin, how con- confined generally to pecuniary damages, § 371. liberal construction of statute of limitations as applied to actions abated DEED OF TRUST- of mode of security, required on loaning public funds, not imperative, DELEGATION - of legislative power, §§ 67-73. of taxing power, strictly construed, § 365. of governmental authority, must be clearly made, § 380. powers granted to city not to be delegated to committee, § 384. power to take land by, not implied from that to incorporate, § 378. explanation of, in comparison with mandatory statutes, § 446. affirmative statutes do not always imply a negative, § 447. its relation to others, § 447. provisions as to time, $$ 448-450. which are formal and incidental, §§ 451-453. DISTANCE- how computed on a river, § 253. DOCKET- --- of judgments, statutory directions concerning, how construed, § 451. EJUSDEM GENERIS- when things included in general words following particular must be, such general words will not include things or persons of a superior class, § 277. construction when enumeration is exhaustive, § 278. intention appearing it controls these rules, §§ 279, 280. ELECTION— statutes requiring proclamation concerning, mandatory, § 451. that inspectors of, be sworn, directory, § 452. concerning manner of conducting, directory, § 452. power granted to common council to judge of election of their mem- |