public insisted on identifying the Falstaff who masqueraded at Shrewsbury with the Fastolfe who ran away at Patay, and in the first printed text of 1 Henry VI. it is by the name 'Falstaff' that he is known.1

Nevertheless the name by which Falstaff first became famous did not at once die out. Twenty years after the production of the play Nathaniel Field in his Amends for Ladies (1618) could ask :— Did you never see

་

The Play where the fat knight, hight Oldcastle,
Did tell you truly what this honor was

page above, p. 249). Shakespeare may have sought to make the inconsiderable difference' more considerable by dropping the l L.

1 If the Epilogue to 2 Henry IV. is Shakespeare's, it would seem that he designed to make Falstaff, like the historical Fastolfe, figure in Henry V.'s

wars in France. In that case he may have been led finally to exclude him from Henry V. by the wish to check that identification. But the authenticity of the Epilogue is very doubtful, and it is hardly credible that Shakespeare seriously intended to revoke the banished Falstaff merely in order to make his audience merry.

THE FIRST PART OF

KING HENRY THE FOURTH

THE

ACT I.

SCENE I. London. The palace.

Enter KING HENRY, LORD JOHN OF LANCaster, the EARL OF WESTMORELAND, SIR WALTER BLUNT, and others.

King. So shaken as we are, so wan with care,
Find we a time for frighted peace to pant,
And breathe short-winded accents of new broils
To be commenced in stronds afar remote.
No more the thirsty entrance of this soil

Shall daub her lips with her own children's blood;
No more shall trenching war channel her fields,
Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs
Of hostile paces: those opposed eyes,

4. stronds, strands, shores.
5. the thirsty entrance of this
soil, the thirsty pores of the soil
of England. The image is from
Gen. iv. 2, where Cain is cursed
from the earth, which hath
opened Her mouth to receive

thy brother's blood from thy hand.'

9. those opposed eyes, the eyes of contending armies; the intent gaze of two forces as they rush together being vividly put for the forces themselves.

Which, like the meteors of a troubled heaven,
All of one nature, of one substance bred,
Did lately meet in the intestine shock
And furious close of civil butchery
Shall now, in mutual well-beseeming ranks,
March all one way and be no more opposed
Against acquaintance, kindred and allies :
The edge of war, like an ill-sheathed knife,
No more shall cut his master. Therefore, friends,
As far as to the sepulchre of Christ,

Whose soldier now, under whose blessed cross
We are impressed and engaged to fight,
Forthwith a power of English shall we levy;
Whose arms were moulded in their mothers'
womb

To chase these pagans in those holy fields
Over whose acres walk'd those blessed feet
Which fourteen hundred years ago were nail'd
For our advantage on the bitter cross.

But this our purpose now is twelve month
old,

And bootless 'tis to tell you we will go :

Therefore we meet not now. Then let me hear
Of you, my gentle cousin Westmoreland,
What yesternight our council did decree
In forwarding this dear expedience.

West. My liege, this haste was hot in question,

And many limits of the charge set down
But yesternight: when all athwart there came
A post from Wales loaden with heavy news;

13. furious close, fierce hand

to-hand grapple.

14. mutual, combined.

30. Therefore, etc., it is not for this that we are met.

ΙΟ

20

30

33. this dear expedience, this momentous enterprise.

34. hot in question, being warmly debated.

35. limits of the charge, express and definite instructions.

Whose worst was, that the noble Mortimer,
Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight
Against the irregular and wild Glendower,
Was by the rude hands of that Welshman taken,
A thousand of his people butchered;

Upon whose dead corpse there was such misuse,
Such beastly shameless transformation,
By those Welshwomen done as may not be
Without much shame retold or spoken of.

King. It seems then that the tidings of this broil

Brake off our business for the Holy Land.

West. This match'd with other did, my gracious
lord;

For more uneven and unwelcome news
Came from the north, and thus it did import :
On Holy-rood day, the gallant Hotspur there,
Young Harry Percy and brave Archibald,

38. the noble Mortimer. Two historical Edmund Mortimers were confused by Holinshed, and hence by Shakespeare. The

Elizabeth, m. H. Percy (Hotspur).

40

50

following table shows their relationship to one another and to Lady Percy :

:

Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March.

Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl
of March.

Anne,

m. Richard, Earl of Cambridge (Hen. V. ii. 2. 11).

In the play the Mortimer who had a title to the crown is identified with Glendower's captive; he is inconsistently spoken of as brother to Hotspur and his wife (1 i. 3. 142, ii. 3. 78), and as their nephew (1 iii. 1. 196). In i. 3. these two Mortimers are further identified with Roger Mortimer,

Sir Edmund Mortimer (1376-1409)

(def. by Glendower).

That ever-valiant and approved Scot,

At Holmedon met,

Where they did spend a sad and bloody hour,
As, by discharge of their artillery,

And shape of likelihood, the news was told;
For he that brought them, in the very heat
And pride of their contention did take horse,
Uncertain of the issue any way.

King. Here is a dear, a true industrious friend,
Sir Walter Blunt, new lighted from his horse,
Stain'd with the variation of each soil
Betwixt that Holmedon and this seat of ours;
And he hath brought us smooth and welcome news.
The Earl of Douglas is discomfited:

Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
Balk'd in their own blood did Sir Walter see

60

On Holmedon's plains. Of prisoners, Hotspur took 70 Mordake the Earl of Fife, and eldest son

57. their artillery. Holinshed says that 'with violence of the English shot [the Scotch] were quite vanquished and put to flight.' Holinshed means arrows, and Mr. Wright suggests that Shakespeare may have misunderstood' the ambiguous word 'shot.' In another account of the battle, however (Hist. of Scotland, ii. 254, quot. Stone, p. 132), Holinshed speaks expressly of the incessant shot of arrows.' It is probable that Shakespeare understood perfectly that Holinshed meant arrows, and chose himself to mean the more impressive discharge of cannon.

62. industrious, active.

·

69. Balk'd, lying in 'balks' or level ridges dividing the furrows.

71. Mordake the Earl of Fife, and eldest son, etc. This was

Murdoch Stewart, eldest son
not of Douglas but of the Duke
of Albany. Shakespeare was
probably misled by the omission
of a comma in Holinshed (ed.
2): 'Mordacke earl of Fife, son
to the gouernour [,] Archem bald
earle Dowglas'; but as Mr.
Stone shows, Shakespeare must
have learnt elsewhere that Mor-
dake was the eldest son; either
from Holinshed's Hist. of Scot-
land, where however he is cor-
rectly stated to have been eldest
son of Albany, or by inference
from his title Earl of Fife.'
This is therefore to be regarded
as a slip of Shakespeare's.
the other hand he was misled by
Holinshed into supposing Men-
teith to be a separate person.
This was in fact another title of
Murdoch's. (Hol. ed. Stone,
p. 132.)

On