of 150 tons come up to the wharves: here is also a large flour mill in suocessful operation. The buildings of this town are principally upon three streets on the W. side of the river; two of them running parallel to it, and the other crossing them. To the W. a high hill extends from N. to S. the whole length of the village, on the slope of which three new streets are laid out, and two others intersecting them. Hallowell exports beef, pork, ashes, grain, lumber, &c. Pop 3964.

York, on the coast, 42 miles S. W. of Portland, is one of the oldest towns in the state, and is a place of some trade: in 1827 it had 1245 tons of shipping engaged in coasting and fishery. It has a court house and a jail: the courts for the county are held alternately here, and at Alfred. Pop. 3485. Saco, on the N. E. side of the river of that name, is well situated for commerce, of which it enjoys a considerable portion: the principal part of the town is at Saco Falls. These falls have a descent of 42 feet, and offer a very beautiful view: just below the falls is a fine basin where ressels may load. There is a beach in the neighborhood, which is much resorted to in the summer; it has a hard smooth surface 4 miles in extent, and offers a fine view of the ocean. Saco has several manufactories and three banks; in 1827 it employed 3794 tons of shipping. Pop. 3219. Augusta, on the W. branch of the Kennebec, two miles above Hallowell, becomes the capital of the state this year. It is a pleasant town, and contains a court house, a jail, a female academy, a meeting house, a bank, and an elegant bridge across the Kennebec, consisting of two arches, each of 180 feet span. The new State House, now nearly completed, is built of granite, and is a very handsome edifice, It contains a spacious hall for the

House of Representatives, and two smaller ones for the Senate and the Council. On the side of the river opposite to the State House, is the arsenal belonging to the United States, consisting of about a dozen buildings of stone, some of which are large and handsome. This place has considerable trade, and the river below is navigable for vessels of 100 tons. Pop. 3980.

Kennebunk, near the mouth of the river of that name, 25 miles S. S. W. of Portland, has considerable trade, a cotton manufactory and valuable mills; the principal export is timber: its shipping in 1826, amounted to 8681 tons; it

to equal that of any part of the Northern States; its quality, however, is not uniform. On the coast it is generally poor; between the Kennebec and Penobscot, it is excellent; among the mountains in the N. W. it is very inferior. The most fertile counties are estimated to produce 25 bushels of grain to the acre, averaging the different sorts, and the poorest, 7 bushels; but this estimation is thought to indicate bad husbandry rather than the true powers of the soil. Land is obtained so cheaply in this state, that most cultivators undertake the management of more than they can till to advantage.

10. NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE SOIL. The most remarkable and important production is that of forest trees; a large portion of the country may be considered as one great forest. White Pine is abundant in the northern part; Hemlock and Spruce abound every where; White and Red Oak are met with on the coast; the Butternut and Walnut are more rare; the Beech, Maple, and Ash also are plenty, and Birch of many sorts is in great abundance. Fruit trees, such as the Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry succeed well, but the Peach has generally failed; it has however been successfully cultivated in some situations, at 10 or 12 miles distant from the sea. The land in this state is well adapted to grazing, and the number of neat cattle and sheep annually produced, form a considerable proportion of its valuable productions. Peat exists abundantly in swamps and bogs, but the cheapness of wood for fuel, renders it of little importance.

11. MINERALS. Iron is found in all parts of the state, but few mines have as yet been worked. Lead occurs in small quantities. Lime is most abundant at Thomaston and Camden, where it is burnt in great quantities for exportation. In the former place the rock is principally a beautiful bluish marble, much of which is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. An extensive mass of fine statuary marble forms a part of the bed of the W. branch of the Penobscot. Granite suitable for building is found in most parts of the state; quarries have been opened in Hallowell and Augusta, upon the shores of Penobscot Bay, and in other places: most of these are easily accessible. Slate occurs extensively between the Kennebec and St. John, and is worked both for roof, and writing slate, and found to be of superior quality.

12. FACE OF THE COUNTRY. In a general and comprehensive view, the surface of this state may be considered as moderately hilly; a comparatively small part swells into mountains, some of which rise above the region of ordinary vegetation, but most of them will admit of some degree of cultivation. Near the coast, and along the banks of many of the rivers, are plains of small extent; the remainder of the settled portion of the country is infinitely diversfied with hill and dale, in all their various forms.

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY.

1. DIVISIONS. Maine is divided into 10 counties; York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Waldo, Hancock, Washington, Kennebec, Oxford, Somerset, and Penobscot. The towns are about 300 in number, and the whole population of the state is 399,462. There are also Plantations which have some of the privileges of incorporated towns, but, possessing less than 1500 inhabitants, are not singly entitled to representation in the state legislature. Several plantations may unite and choose a representative when their collective numbers equal 1500. 2. CANALS. Oxford canal extends from Sebago Pond to the sea at Portland. It is 20 miles in length, and opens an extent of water communication exceeding 40 miles. The articles brought down this canal, are timber, wood, stone, ashes, and country produce. It has been in operation two

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3. ROADS. The roads in Maine are bad, and travelling of course difficult, except for a short time at certain seasons. At the breaking up of winter, both on the seacoast and in the interior, the ground being loosened by the frosts and melting of the snow, and the heavy rains of the season, render the roads almost impassable; the same effect is produced by the rain at the approach of winter. The result is that in the country bordering on the sea, the communication is uniformly good only for a few months in summer, and a few weeks in the winter. In the interior, it is good for about the same length of time in the summer, and with comparatively little interruption for an equal space in winter. The communication between the interior and the seaboard is subjected in some degree to the same interruptions in winter as are experienced along the coast. At a distance inland, the deep snows of winter afford a foundation for the conveyance of heavy commodities, which supplies for a time the want of artificial roads.

4. TOWNS. Portland, the former capital of Maine is very pleasantly situated on a peninsula in Casco Bay: it has a safe harbor, which is easy of access, and seldom frozen. The harbor is defended by forts Preble and Scammel. At the E. of the town is fort Burrows, in the rear of which are some other works. There are two stone light-houses on Cape Elizabeth, near the entrance of the harbor; and on the N. E. side of the town stands an observatory 70 feet in height, which affords a fine prospect of the town, harbor and islands. Portland is much the largest town in Maine, and far superior to any other in the state in commerce and wealth. It contains a state house, an elegant brick court house, an alms house, a market house, a town house, 6 banks, 2 insurance offices, an academy, various schools, public and private, a town library, an apprentices' library, and 15 churches. The custom house is a fine building with a front of stone. The largest building is the mariner's church, a handsome edifice of stone in front, and comprising, besides a hall for religious exercises, many rooms for schools, libraries, &c. The basement story is occupied for stores, and a part of the building serves for a market house

The town is generally well built, a great number of the buildings being of brick, and many of them elegant. The centre of the town is low, but at the two extremities are high hills. The White Mountains, at 60 or 70 miles distance, can be seen from the town. The open harbor of Portland and its great mercantile capital, attract to it the trade of a wide neighborhood; the

territory, to which it affords the principal market, contains nearly 20 square miles. The shipping of this port in 1827 amounted to 49,035 to estimated at a value of 2,000,000 dollars. The coasting tonnage in 18 was 15,822 tons, much of the foreign imports at this place being carri coastwise to Boston and other markets. Besides the coasting trade and t fisheries, an extensive foreign commerce is carried on principally with the We Indies and Europe. Portland was formerly included in the town of Falmout and in 1775 was burnt by the British; it was incorporated by its prese name in 1786. Population in 1830, 12,601.

Brunswick, on the S. side of the Androscoggin, is a flourishing and hand some town, containing a college, a Congregational, and a Baptist church a printing office, a cotton and woollen manufactory, and a number of valuabl mills. The fall of the Androscoggin at this place affords some of the bes mill sites in the country. Pop. 3547.*

Bath, on the W. side of the Kennebec, 12 miles from the sea, has a pleasant situation and great advantages for commerce, being at the head of winter navigation. Much ship building is done at this place: the shipping of Bath in 1827 amounted to 30,451 tons, valued at 1,000,000 dollars. The value of its coasting exports was estimated in 1826, at 1,064,000 dollars; this included the whole trade of Kennebec river. Bath contains 2 academies, two banks, and 4 churches. The river here is wide and seldom frozen.

Pop. 3,773.

Wiscasset, on the W. side of Sheepscot River, is a maritime town, and has an open, safe and capacious harbor. Its shipping in 1827 was equal to 11,640 tons: the trade is chiefly in lumber and wood. Value of exports in 1826, 320,400 dollars. This town has a court house, jail, church, academy, insurance office, and two printing offices. Pop. 2443.

Waldoboro is a considerable town, 22 miles E. of Wiscasset. It had in 1827, 27,977 tons of shipping, principally employed in the coasting trade: its chief articles of commerce are lumber and lime. Pop. 3113.

Castine, on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, a little below the mouth of Penobscot River, is situated on a promontory, and has a large and excellent harbor, open at all seasons. In time of war this place might become important as a military station, being a situation of great natural strength, and capable, with proper fortifications, of being made an impregnable fortress. Placed at the entrance of the Penobscot, it commands the outlet of that river, and the whole bay; and were an enemy in possession of it, he would, in addition to this, be enabled to control the whole extent of sea coast, from the Penobscot eastward. The trade of this place is considerable. Castine was taken by the British during the late war, but surrendered at the peace of 1814. Pop. 1155.

Bangor, on the Penobscot, 35 miles above Castine, at the head of tide water, has a fine commercial situation, although the river below is frozen in the winter to the distance of 12 miles: it trades much in lumber; the amount exported coastwise in 1826, was valued at 335,891 dollars. There is a Theological Seminary here. Pop. 2868.

Hallowell, on the Kennebec, 40 miles above its mouth, principally on the W. side of the river, and in the midst of a fertile district, has within a few years increased rapidly, and is now very flourishing. It has four churches, an academy, a bank, 4 printing offices, and many well built stores: there are 10 wharves on the W. bank of the river, and a ropewalk. Loaded vessels

* A species of the emerald, or the beryl of Jameson, which occurs often in the granite of this part of the country, is found in the neighborhood of this place, accompanied with crystals of a pure rich green, which obviously belong to the precious emerald.-Cleaveland's Mineralogy.

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150 tons come up to the wharves: here is also a large flour mill in suo essful operation. The buildings of this town are principally upon three streets on the W. side of the river; two of them running parallel to it, and the other crossing them. To the W. a high hill extends from N. to S. the whole length of the village, on the slope of which three new streets are laid eat, and two others intersecting them. Hallowell exports beef, pork, ashes, grain, lumber, &c. Pop 3964.

York, on the coast, 42 miles S. W. of Portland, is one of the oldest towns in the state, and is a place of some trade: in 1827 it had 1245 tons of shipping engaged in coasting and fishery. It has a court house and a jail: the. courts for the county are held alternately here, and at Alfred. Pop. 3485. Saco, on the N. E. side of the river of that name, is well situated for commerce, of which it enjoys a considerable portion: the principal part of the town is Saco Falls. These falls have a descent of 42 feet, and offer a very beautiful view: just below the falls is a fine basin where ressels may load. There is a beach in the neighborhood, which is much resorted to in the summer; it has a hard smooth surface 4 miles in extent, and offers a fine view of the ocean. Saco has several manufactories and three banks; in 1827 it employed 3794 tons of shipping. Pop. 3219. Augusta, on the W. branch of the Kennebec, two miles above Hallowell, becomes the capital of the state this year. It is a pleasant town, and contains a court house, a jail, a female academy, a meeting house, a bank, and an elegant bridge across the Kennebec, consisting of two arches, each of 180 feet span. The new State House, now nearly completed, is built of granite, and is a very handsome edifice. It contains a spacious hall for the

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House of Representatives, and two smaller ones for the Senate and the Council. On the side of the river opposite to the State House, is the arsenal belonging to the United States, consisting of about a dozen buildings of stone, some of which are large and handsome. This place has considerable trade, and the river below is navigable for vessels of 100 tons. Pop. 3980.

Kennebunk, near the mouth of the river of that name, 25 miles S. S. W, of Portland, has considerable trade, a cotton manufactory and valuable mills; the principal export is timber: its shipping in 1826, amounted to 8681 tons; it