(4) Television cameras shall be placed so as not to obstruct in any way the space between any witness giving evidence or testimony and any member of the Committee, or the visibility of such witness and such members to each other.

(5) Television cameras shall not be placed in positions which obstruct unnecessarily the coverage of the hearing or meeting by other media.

(6) Equipment necessary for coverage by the television and radio media shall not be installed in, or removed from the hearing or meeting room while the Committee is in session.

(7) Floodlights, spotlights, strobelights, and flashguns shall not be used in providing any method of coverage of the hearing or meeting, except that the television media may install additional lighting in the hearing or meeting room, without cost to the Government, in order to raise the ambient lighting level in the hearing or meeting room to the lowest level necessary to provide adequate television coverage of the hearing or meeting at the then current state of the art of television coverage.

(8) In the allocation of the number of still photographers permitted by the Chairman to cover a hearing or meeting, preference shall be given to photographers from Associated Press Photos and United Press International Newspictures. If requests are made by more of the media than will be permitted by the Chairman, for coverage of a hearing or meeting by still photography, that coverage shall be made on the basis of a fair and equitable pool arrangement devised by the Standing Committee of Press Photographers. (9) Photographers shall not position themselves at any time during the course of the hearing or meeting between the witness table and the members of the Committee.

(10) Photographers shall not place themselves in positions which obstruct unnecessarily the coverage of the hearing or meeting by other media.

(11) Personnel providing coverage by the television and_radio media shall be then currently accredited to the Radio and Television Correspondents' Galleries.

(12) Personnel providing coverage by still photography shall be then currently accredited to the Press Photographers' Gallery.

(13) Personnel providing coverage by the television and radio media and by still photography shall conduct themselves and their coverage activities in an orderly and unobtrusive manner.

RULE 8. AMENDMENT OF RULES

The Rules of the Committee may be modified, amended, or repealed, by a majority of the members voting at a meeting at which a majority is present. Written notice of any proposed change shall be provided to each member of the Committee not less than 3 calendar days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) before the meeting date on which such change is to be considered.

COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP

The membership of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control as of December 1987 is listed on page II of this report.

The composition of the Committee Membership changed slightly over the year. The tragic and untimely death of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney (R-CT) in May was a deep loss to the Committee. He was replaced by Congressman Tom Lewis (R-FL). In June, Congressman Robert T. Matsui (D-CA) was replaced by Congressman James A. Traficant, Jr. (D-OH). The Committee membership stands at 25 members pursuant to H. Res. 26, 100th Congress, the same number as served on the committee in the 99th Congress.

COMMITTEE STAFF

The Select Committee's average staff level during 1987 consisted of 12 full-time professional staff, 1 shared professional staff, and 4 staff assistants. The Committee contracted a consultant for 5 months for expertise in the area of international narcotics control. In addition, the U.S. Customs Service and the Washington Metropolitan Police Department each detailed an employee to the Committee for the year to assist the Select Committee on long term research projects. During the course of the year the Committee had several volunteer student interns who assisted the Committee in its work. The Select Committee's printing and editorial needs were met by two detailees from the Government Printing Office. A complete list of the Committee staff as of December 31, 1987, is listed on page II of this report.

COMMITTEE MEETING

(FEBRUARY 4, 1987)

The organizational meeting of the Select Committee was held on February 4, 1987. The Select Committee adopted rules for the 100th Congress and the members discussed the Select Committee agenda for 1987.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRAFFIC AND ABUSE OF NARCOTIC AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN 1987

During 1987, the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control continued its examination of Federal policies and programs to curtail the illicit production, manufacture and traffic of narcotic and psychotropic drugs and to prevent and treat drug abuse. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-570) significantly expanded the Federal role in the area of narcotics abuse and control, concomitantly increasing the Select Committee's oversight responsibilities.

The 1986 Act authorized $2.9 billion, $1.6 billion of which was new funding. The Congress in turn appropriated in a Continuing Resolution $2.7 billion to implement the new law, $1.6 billion of which was new funding. This legislation, its potential to bring the problem of drug trafficking and abuse under control, and its implementation will be addressed in detail later in this report.

On the basis of the Select Committee's findings during 1985 and 1986, Chairman Rangel and Ranking Minority Member Gilman were joined by Committee members in sponsoring legislation designed to further increase Federal funding for State and local drug

enforcement efforts to curtail the availability of narcotic and psychotropic drugs, to enhance the coordination of Federal enforcement and treatment initiatives through a Director of National Drug Control Policy and to increase the voice of State and local officials involved in anti-narcotics efforts in the formulation of drug policies through an Assistant Attorney General for State and local law enforcement matters. These initiatives, taken together, would promote the coordination of Federal anti-drug policy and Federal, State and local policies.

The relationship between Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and intravenous drug abuse had been well-documented prior to 1987. The significance of this relationship to the future course of the epidemic and the need for additional treatment resources to arrest the spread of the AIDS/IV epidemic, however, became strikingly evident this year. In response to the AIDS crisis, Chairman Rangel, Mr. Gilman, and other Members of the Select Committee introduced two bills. H.R. 2626 would authorize $350 million for AIDS research and education of which $100 million would be used for research on AIDS and intravenous drug abuse. H.R. 3292, the "Intravenous Substance Abuse and AIDS Prevention Act," would provide $200 million for drug abuse treatment, $100 million for pediatric AIDS-related services, and $100 million for AIDS prevention and education activities in high-risk communities. In 1987, the drug trafficking industry in the United States continued to expand to an estimated $140 billion a year business. This underground economy spawns crime, violence and corruption; threatens legitimate business; diminishes industrial productivity and creates a serious drain on our national economy.

In addition to human suffering, estimates of the social and economic costs of drug abuse prevention, treatment, related crime, violence, death, property destruction, lost productivity and drug enforcement will total an additional $100 billion.

Drug abuse, which has been a serious health problem in the United States for two decades, is now a major national public health threat by virtue of the magnitude of the population using cocaine, heroin and marijuana and a variety of other narcotic and psychotropic depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens. This public health menace is now dramatically increased by intravenous drug users, particularly heroin addicts, who have a very high rate of contracting and spreading the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS.

Available indicators of drug abuse signify a national problem that continues to grow worse. A 1985 survey of Americans age 12 and above, conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, reports that 70.4 million or 37 percent of that population have tried marijuana, cocaine, or other illicit drugs at least once in their lifetime; 36.8 million or 19 percent have done so in the last year; and 23 million or 12 percent of the population over age 12 reported having tried illicit drugs at least once during the month prior to being surveyed.

Among employed 20-40 year olds, according to the National Household Survey, 29 percent reported use of an illicit drug in the past year. Nineteen percent reported some illicit drug use at least once in the past month.

It is estimated that there are at least 600 thousand active heroin addicts in the United States. Their number has been growing on an annual basis since 1979 as supplies in the way of quantity and quality of the drug has gradually increased.

About 25 million people are reported to use marijuana regularly in the United States and an additional 15 million may use it occasionally. An estimated 30 million are occasional users of cocaine in this country with an estimated seven hundred thousand to one million four hundred thousand addicted to the substance. Estimates of the number of regular users of cocaine in 1987 ranged from 6 to 8 million, as compared to 4.2 in 1982.

The results of a 1984 survey which reported that 5,000 people in the United States try cocaine for the first time each day continues to be valid. On the basis of increased availability of cocaine at lower or stable prices, the estimate of 5,000 new experimenters with cocaine every day may be conservative.

The 1986 annual survey of high school students, conducted by the University of Michigan for NIDA, reported that 58 percent of high school seniors had used illicit drugs. Most alarming is the fact that the prevalence rate for cocaine use had remained at an all time high of 17 percent among high school seniors.

The amount of illicit drug use among young Americans is still striking, despite some evidence of decline. The problem is underscored when one considers such facts as:

By their mid-twenties, nearly 80 percent of young adults have tried an illicit drug, including some 60 percent who have tried some illicit drug other than marijuana.

By age 27, approximately 40 percent of young Americans have tried cocaine.

One in twenty-five 1986 high school seniors smokes marijuana daily, and roughly the same proportion of young adults aged 19 to 27 do as well.

The abuse of psychotropics, PCP, amphetamine, methamphetamine and LSD during 1985 and 1986 appeared to have stabilized at a very high level. This may be due to increasingly effective enforcement against the illicit manufacture and traffic of the psychotropics in the United States or that psychotropic users have switched to cocaine because of its increasing availability and decline in prices. An estimated 7 million people abused the various forms of stimulants, depressants and hallucinogenic forms of psychotropic substances during 1986.

The dramatic decline in the abuse of methaqualone, first noted in 1984, continued during 1985 and 1986. This depressant form of psychotropic substances had been widely available and heavily abused for more than a decade. A prohibition on its legal manufacture in the United States and diplomatic initiatives abroad that persuaded the Peoples Republic of China and Hungary to strengthen their controls over the legal export of the chemical precursors to countries where methaqualone was being clandestinely formulated for trafficking to the United States was responsible for virtually eliminating the availability and abuse of methaqualone in this country. In 1983 methaqualone was number seven in the number of drug overdose fatalities and number six in the number of non-fatal hospital emergency treatment episodes. In 1986, it did not appear

on the list of drug-related deaths, indicating less than ten fatalities. Methaqualone ranked 69 on the list of drug-related emergencies, with 306 mentions.

Notwithstanding this clear evidence that the dramatic curtailment of the availability of a drug type creates a dramatic curtail-ment in the abuse of that drug, during 1987, many Federal, State and local officials charged with the responsibility to limit the availability of illicit drugs have continued to make statements that success in reducing drug abuse will only come by reducing the demand for drugs. Simultaneously, officials, practitioners and experts in the fields of drug abuse prevention and treatment have continued to state that it is extremely difficult to successfully prevent and treat drug abuse when the drugs of abuse are increasingly available, are of higher quality and are offered at stable or lower prices.

In September 1984, the White House issued the 1984 National Strategy for Prevention of Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking. It was essentially similar to a strategy document issued in October 1982. Both documents promulgated a strategy that would bring the traffic and abuse of narcotics and psychotropic substances in the United States under control through the application of the classic principles of narcotics control. This included international cooperation to control the illicit production and traffic of narcotic and psychotropic drugs abroad affecting the United States, drug interdiction and enforcement at home along with drug abuse education, prevention and treatment programs.

In a departure from prior strategy documents where the elements of the Federal narcotic strategy were of relatively equal importance the 1984 strategy makes drug abuse prevention and education the foremost objective in our nation's drug abuse control effort.

Up until now, society's efforts to prevent the use of narcotic and psychotropic drugs, except for medical purposes, has been to prevent the availability of the drug to the would-be user. Recognizing that this could never be perfect, warnings and information on the dangers of the non-medical use of narcotics and psychotropics have been traditionally promulgated by society in the hope of preventing people from experimenting with and falling victim to drug abuse. Medical science as well as governments and the international narcotics control conventions have long recognized that those falling victim to dependence on narcotic and psychotropic drugs required treatment and therapy.

In the concerted international effort to bring drug abuse to acceptable levels since 1909, success has only come when supply over both short and long periods of time was substantially reduced. Nowhere can it be demonstrated than when narcotic and psychotropic drugs were easily accessible that education and information programs alone halted the spread of drug abuse. In an environment where there is a proliferation of illicit drug availability, epidemic drug abuse follows commensurate with availability. Drug abuse education will save some or many from falling victim to this phe

nomenon.

Unfortunately there are far too many individuals in any society who reject the education and information programs designed to prevent drug abuse. Medical doctors and nurses, who possess the