SUL--Sul-gen (supra); Sul-uui (Lib. L., p. 151); Sulhaithuai (Giraldus Cambr., Itin., ii, 1); Sul-idir (ib.). This is an element which also appears in Cornish (Sulmeath, Sulcan, H. and Stubbs), and Breton (Sulworet, Sulwoion, Zeuss, p. 132).

This element must be identified with the god Sul, whose name appears in Dydd Sul (Sunday). In support of this view it is only necessary to quote instances of the way in which other daydeities are similarly laid under contribution. We have (1) Llunwerth-Bishop of St. David's in the ninth century; a doubtful instance, inasmuch as Ann. Camb. (vers. B., s. a. 874) has Llanwerth, and Brut y Tywysogion Lwmbert. R. de Diceto, however, has Lunverd. (See H. and Stubbs, i, p. 208.) Luncen (a Cornish instance, H. and Stubbs, i, p. 681). (2) Ioubiu (Lib. L., p. 163). Ioude (Lib. L., p. 254). (3) Saturnguid (Lib. L., p. 273). Saturnbiu (ib.). One is tempted to inquire whether this British sun-god is not the Sul of Aquæ Sulis.

-TAF.-Con-daf (supra); Eu-daf (supra); Gwyn-daf (supra); Mael-daf (supra); Mor-daf (supra); Cawr-daf (Myv., p. 389); Dall-daf (Mab., p. 106).

This element appears in the Cunatami of an Irish inscription (Zeuss, p. 92).

TANG-.-Tang-wystl (supra); Tang-wn (supra); Tang-no (father of Collwyn, the founder of one of the xv Tribes of Gwynedd).

= peace.

-TEYRN.-Con-thigirn[us] (supra); Teyrn-uael (supra); Mor-deyrn (supra); Eu-tegirn (Lib. L., p. 136); Aer-thirn (Lib. L., p. 142); Vor-tigernus (supra). Cf. Cornish Wendeern (H. and Stubbs, ut supra).

= ruler.

TUT--Tut-bulc (Lib. L., p. 271); Eu-tut (supra); Tud-wal (supra); Tut-nerth (supra); Tud-no (supra); Tut-ri (supra); Tut-hed (Lib. L., p. 191); Tut-mab (ib.). Cf. Cornish Tidherd

(H. and Stubbs, ut supra), and Breton Tutwallon (Zeuss, p. 87) and Tutgual (p. 132).

country, tribe.

Hence Cæsar's Teutomatus (Bell. Gall.,

vii, 46) probably means "good to the nation".

In its main features the Welsh name-system is of course by no means peculiarly Welsh, but rather Aryan. Greek names, for instance, were formed on a plan closely resembling that which has just been described; in Demo-sthenes, Demo-kritos, Neo-kles, and Nausi-kles we recognise the same shuffling together of the stock of name-elements as we see in Tud-nerth (the Welsh equivalent of Demo-sthenes, Tud-ri, Rhi-wallon, and Cad-wallon. Anglo-Saxon nomenclature is of the same type: Ethel does duty in a host of compounds, such as Æthel-berht, Æthel-red, Æthel-stan, Æthel-wine, and Æthel-wulf; -wine enters into a number of others, such as Ead-wine, Os-wine, and Esc-wine. Similarly in German we have Gott-fried and Gott-lieb, Fried-rich and Hein-rich, Mein-hard and Bern-hard, all formed on the same general principle; and a great number of Irish and Gaelic names also conform to the same model. Thus, among the results of an examination of the Welsh personal namesystem, we may place first

(1) The establishment of a fresh link of connection between the Brythonic or Kymric race and the Aryan world at large. But this in itself is scarcely more valuable than if we were to discover a new proof of the Copernican theory: it is only making" assurance double sure". A more instructive result of our inquiry is

(2) The proof afforded of the solidarity of Welsh, Cornish, and Breton as members of one Brythonic family.

Nothing can help us better to realise the intimacy of the connection existing between the communities speaking these three languages than the fact that they had a stock of name

elements in common, not merely inheriting from common ancestors a particular method of forming new names, but using in the application of that method precisely the same material.

A third result is

(3) The establishment of unbroken continuity between the mediæval Welsh and the Britons and Gauls of the earliest historic times.

The interval between the Claudian conquest and the final delimitation of Wales under Offa is filled with race-movements and revolutions, as yet only partially understood. How Roman supremacy affected the tribes of the mountainous west; what part was played by the Northern Kymry in the general dissolution and rearrangement of communities in the fifth century; who the Welsh were, ethnologically speaking, in the time of Alfred the Great-these are questions which the industry and skill of historians and ethnologists may yet answer, but which so far have had little light thrown upon them. Here is one fact, however, which in any inquiry of the kind must be taken into account-the personal name-system of the Britons is identical with that of the Welsh, running right through the period of confusion. No explanation of that period, then, can be satisfactory which neglects to provide for the due maintenance of continuity between præ-Roman and mediæval Wales.

In conclusion, let me add that I am far from supposing that the system described above includes all that can be said about Welsh personal names. There are, indeed, several other classes of names, each with its tale to tell about the past of the race-the monosyllabic names, such as Nudd, Pwyll, Math, and Don; the borrowed names, such as Emrys, Edern, Tewdwr, and Dafydd; the adjectival names, such as Madog, Caradog, Buddug, and Dyfrig. In any endeavour to evolve the history of the Welsh people out of their personal

names, these must be taken into account; they must not, however, be allowed to obscure the central system, that of widest prevalence, the continuity of which is the main thing to be vindicated.

Perhaps I should add, in self-defence, that I do not pretend to be a philologist, and that all I have attempted to do in this paper has been to collect the materials which philology supplies in illustration of an historical problemthe origin of the Welsh personal name-system.

56

OBSERVATIONS ON THE WELSH

VERBS.

BY MAX NETTLAU, PH.D.

THE present paper has been compiled upon the methods used in my articles on the Welsh vowels (Beiträge zur cymrischen Grammatik, I), in that upon the Welsh consonants (Revue Celtique, to appear in Jan. 1888), and in that upon the Welsh pronouns (Y Cymmr., vol. viii). The study of the Welsh verb is attended with greater difficulties, both internal and external, than that of the pronouns; for while these isolated words can easily be traced through the successive periods of the language, we have, in the case of every verb, to distinguish between the characteristic form of its stem and the verbal terminations. The syllables forming the latter were dropped in Welsh, according to the laws governing the phonetic treatment of final syllables, and the actually existing endings are the result of the different sounds characteristic of the stems, modified by the influence of the lost original terminations. A classification of verbs is therefore the first requisite, and the solution of this problem will, in all likelihood, be furnished by the variety of terminations still existing in some parts of the verb. Cf. 3rd sing. Pres. -awt, -it; Pr. Sec. -ei, -i, -awd; s-Aor. -es, -as, -is; plur., -assom, -yssom, -som; pass. -ir, -awr; Part. Pret. Pass. -et, -it, -at; etc. But by the analogical prevalence of some of these endings the scheme of the Welsh verb has been, during the history of the language, reduced to such a degree of uniformity that only by a full collection of MiddleWelsh materials, which are at present accessible only to a