intercourse of nations. The two studies have, of late, been too much severed in this country. A concluding section of the book, apart from the Appendix, treats of International Morality: Projects of Perpetual Peace: The Society of Nations'. The standpoint throughout this work is historical; and History does not give much encouragement to the promulgators of schemes of Perpetual Peace. But historians and historical students of politics and policy should not too readily submit to the charge that they can provide no principles for guidance; that they are slaves to the event', and can furnish nothing better than maxims finely qualified to the point of timidity; that, like the Cyclops, they have but one eye, and that it looks behind only, and, according to the poet-moralist's censure of the historian, takes delight in the blazoning of 'power and energy detached from moral purpose'. Everything, it was said by a recent Continental statesman, may be left in part to the hazards of the unforeseen-everything except the fortunes of nations. The historian of international policy will add all the weight of his knowledge and authority to the school of caution and pre-cautions in statesmanship. But the lessons he draws, or merely permits to disclose themselves, from the past are not sunk in gloom so deep that he may not say with Tocqueville, 'I will not believe in the darkness merely because I do not clearly see the new day that is to arise'. The main Appendix consists of two parts. The first gives, within its space and scope, a selection of passages from writers to illustrate phases and features of diplomacy. These extracts were given, according to my first plan, in illustration of the thought and standpoint of each of the authors cited, and were included in the seventh section of 'The Study of International Relations'. My thanks are due to the publishers' advisers, and especially to Mr. H. W. C. Davis, of Balliol College, for the suggestion that they should be arranged according to subject and printed as an Appendix. In this form they are likely to be of more use. The second part of the Appendix treats, almost wholly in the words of primary authorities, of a number of practical questions bearing on the modern and quite recent and prospective conduct of foreign policy, in illustration of the text and as a supplement to the notes. At the beginning of 1916 I wrote a very few pages intended. to help towards the study of international relations. They were written for The Historical Association of Scotland, and were reprinted for The Historical Association (of England). In the course of this work I have made use of what I then wrote. D. P. H. The rise and development of the function of the ambassador Machiavellism; diplomacy and Machiavellianism The opportunity for subterfuge and finesse: national interest and the absence of the international sense The effect of the telegraph on initiative and responsibility Les Archives de l'Histoire de France 3. JURISTIC LITERATURE: Development of International 1. (a) Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations His general conclusions (b) Nys, Les Origines du Droit International (c) Walker, A History of the Law of Nations (to the Peace of Importance assigned by him to treaties. His interpretation of the balance of power Effect of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon His estimate of the effects of the French Revolution The parts of his work of value to the student of History W. E. Hall: his attachment to facts, and historical treat- Causes célèbres du droit des gens Samuel Pepys and ‘our making of strangers strike to us at sea 116 116 125 The controversy a 'battle of books'; and more the Hollanders 139 'The most precious Jewell of his Maiesties Crowne' |