2. The rights, privileges, immunities, and estates of both civil and religious societies and of corporated bodies, shall remain as if the Constitution of this State had not been altered or amended.

ARTICLE IX.

SEC. 1. All power is originally vested in the people; and all free governments are founded on their authority, and are instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness.

2. No freeman of this State shall be taken, or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land: nor shall any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law im pairing the obligation of contracts, ever be passed by the Legislature of this State.

3. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power.

4. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.

5. The Legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or hered itary distinction, nor create any office, the appointment to which shall be for any longer time than during good behavior.

6. The trial by jury, as heretofore used in this State, and the liberty of the press, shall be forever inviolably preserved.

ARTICLE X.

SEC. 1. The business of the treasury shall be in future conducted by two treasurers, one of whom shall hold his office and reside in Columbia; and the other shall hold his office and reside in Charleston.

2. The Secretary of State and Surveyor-General shall hold their offices both in Columbia and in Charleston. They shall reside at one place, and their deputies at the other.

3. At the conclusion of the circuits, the judges shall meet and sit at Columbia, for the purpose of hearing and determining all motions which may be made for new trials, and in arrest of judgments, and such points of law as may be submitted to them. From Columbia they shall proceed to Charleston, and there hear and determine all such motions for new trials, and in arrest of judgment, and such points of law as may be submitted to them.

4. The Governor shall always preside, during the sitting of the Legislature, at the place where their sessions may be held, and at all other times, wherever, in his opinion, the public good may require.

5. The Legislature shall, as soon as may be convenient, pass laws for the abolition of the rights of primogenitures, and for giving an equitable distribution of the real estate of intestates.

ARTICLE XI.

No convention of the people shall be called, unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of both branches of the whole representation.

No part of this Constitution shall be altered, unless a bill to alter the same shall have been read three times in the House of Representatives, and three times in the Senate, and agreed to by two-thirds of both branches of the whole representation; neither shall any alteration take place until the bill so agreed to be published three months previous to a new election for members to the House of Representatives; and if the alteration proposed by the Legislature shall be agreed to in their first session by two-thirds of the whole representation in both branches of the Legislature, after the same shall have been read three times, on three several days in each house, then and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the Constitution.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

Amendments ratified December 17, 1808.

The following sections, in amendment of the third, seventh, and ninth sections of the first article of the Constitution of this State, shall be, and they are hereby declared to be, valid parts of the said Constitution; and the said third, seventh, and ninth sections, or such parts thereof as are repugnant to such amendments, are hereby repealed and made void.

SEC. 1. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and twenty four members, to be apportioned among the several election districts of the State, according to the number of white inhabitants contained, and the amount of all taxes raised by the Legislature, whether direct or indirect, or of whatever species, paid in each, deducting therefrom all taxes paid on account of property held in any other district, and adding thereto all taxes elsewhere paid on account of property held in such district. An enumeration of the white inhabitants, for this purpose, shall be made in the year one thousand eight hundred and nine, and in the course of every tenth year thereafter, in such manner as shall be by law directed and representatives shall be assigned to the different districts in the above mentioned proportion, by act of the Legislature, at the session immediately succeeding the above numeration.

2. If the enumeration herein directed should not be made in the course of the year appointed for the purpose by these amendments, it shall be the duty of the Governor to have it effected as soon thereafter as shall be practicable.

3. In assigning representatives to the several districts of the

State, the Legislature shall allow one representative for every sixty-second part of the whole number of white inhabitants in the State; and one representative also for every sixty-second part of the whole taxes raised by the Legislature of the State. The Legisla ture shall further allow one representative for such fractions of the sixty-second part of the white inhabitants of the State, and of the sixty-second part of the taxes raised by the Legislature of the State, as, when added together, form a unit.

4. In every apportionment of representation under these amendments, which shall take place after the first apportionment, the amount of taxes shall be estimated from the average of the ten preceding years; but the first apportionment shall be founded upon the tax of the preceding year, excluding from the amount thereof the whole produce of the tax on sales at public auction.

5. If, in the apportionment of representatives under these amendments, any election district shall appear not to be entitled, from its population and its taxes, to a representative, such election district shall, nevertheless, send one representative; and, if there should be still a deficiency of the number of representatives required by these amendments, such deficiency shall be supplied by assigning representatives to those election districts having the largest surplus fractions; whether those fractions consist of a combination of population and of taxes, or of population or of taxes separately, until the number of one hundred and twenty-four members be provided.

6. No apportionment, under these amendments shall be construed to take effect, in any manner, until the general election which shall succeed such apportionment.

7. The election districts, for members of the House of Representa tives, shall be and remain as heretofore established, except Saxe Gotha and Newberry; in which the boundaries shall be altered, as follows, viz: That part of Lexington in the fork of Broad and Saluda rivers, shall no longer compose a part of the election district of Newberry, but shall be henceforth attached to, and form a part of Saxe Gotha. And, also, except Orange and Barnwell, or Winton, in which the boundaries shall be altered as follows, viz. That part of Orange in the fork of Edisto shall no longer compose a part of the election district of Barnwell, or Winton, but shall be henceforth attached to, and form a part of, Orange election district.

8. The Senate shall be composed of one member from each election district, as now established for the election of members of the House of Representatives, except the district formed by the parishes of St. Philip and St. Michael, to which shall be allowed two senators, as heretofore.

9. The seats of those senators who under the Constitution shall represent two or more election districts, on the day preceding the second Monday of October, which will be in the year one thousand eight hundred and ten, shall be vacated on that day, and the new senators who shall represent such districts under these amend

ments, shall, immediately after they shall have been assembled under the first election, be divided by lots into two classes; the seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, and of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and the number in these classes shall be so proportioned, that one-half of the whole number of senators may, as nearly as possible, continue to be chosen thereafter every second year.

10. None of these amendments becoming parts of the Constitution of this State shall be altered, unless a bill to alter the same shall have been read on three several days in the House of Representatives, and on three several days in the Senate, and agreed to at the second and third reading by two-thirds of the whole representation in each branch of the Legislature; neither shall any alteration take place, until the bill so agreed to be published three months previous to a new election for members to the House of Representatives; and if the alteration proposed by the Legislature shall be agreed to in their first session, by two-thirds of the whole representation, in each branch of the Legislature, after the same shall have been read on three several days in each house, then, and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the Constitution.

That the third section of the tenth article of the Constitution of this State be altered and amended to read as follows: The judges shall, at such times and places as shall be prescribed by act of the Legislature of this State, meet and sit for the purpose of hearing and determining all motions which may be made for new trials, and in arrest of judgment, and such points of law as may be submitted to them.

GEORGIA was the latest settled of the original thirteen States. In 1732, George II. (for whom the State was named), granted this territory to a a company of benevolent individuals, for the purpose of providing an asylum for the poor of England, and for the persecuted Protestants of all nations. The affairs of the colony were committed to a board of 20 trustees. In 1733 James Oglethorpe, with 130 emigrants, commenced a settlement at Savannah. The next year a large number of poor persons arrived. But many of these emigrants were found to be idle and inefficient. This led the trustees to make liberal offers to any who would settle in this colony. By this hundreds were induced to come over from Scotland, Germany, and Switzerland. In 1740 as many as 2500 emigrants had settled in this colony, of whom more than 1500 were the poor of Europe, and for whose support the trustees had expended $500,000. But the trustees, being disappointed in their expectations, gave up their charter in 1752, and Georgia was brought under regulations similar to the other colonies. The first Constitution was formed in 1777, the second in 1785, and the present one in 1798-and was amended in 1839. Area 58,000 sq. m. Pop. 1840, 691,392, of which 280,944 were slaves.

CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.

SEC. 1. The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments of government shall be distinct, and each department shall be confided to a separate body of magistracy; and no person or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.