a handful of soldiers and traders, were compelled to rely largely upon the peoples of the East, both Christian and Mohammedan, for service and subsistence. Native Syrians tilled their lands;

Greek and Arab architects built and adorned their houses and churches; Greek engineers taught them the art of fortification; and Jewish or Arab physicians cared for them in time of sickness. Thus in innumerable ways the Westerners profited by the more advanced civilization of the East; and through the instrumentality of returning crusaders, more enlightened ideas, together with new products, slowly spread through western Europe.

D. THE LATER CRUSADES

The crusades continued throughout the twelfth and the greater part of the thirteenth centuries. It is customary to describe them as "First," "Second," and so on; but this obscures the fact that there was a constant movement of crusaders

the cru

to and from the Holy Land. At times some exceptional occurrence produced an increase of zeal, and it is to these exceptional expeditions that the numbers apply, though other 165. Conmovements of equal importance are passed by without tinuance of notice. Thus, forty-five years after the First Crusade the sades conquest of Edessa by the Mohammedans produced the Second Crusade (1147-1149). This was led by two kings, Louis VII of France, and Conrad III of Germany. It was miserably mismanaged, and failed lamentably.

After another forty years, rumors began to reach Europe of a great Mohammedan leader who had arisen in Egypt and was threatening Palestine. This was Sal'adin, one of the 166. Rise of greatest rulers the Mohammedans ever had. He was wise Saladin in counsel, brave in battle, and as chivalrous in conduct and sincere in his faith as the best of his Christian foes. In July, 1187, Saladin captured in battle the king of Jerusalem and the grand master of the Templars. Three months later Jerusalem itself fell into his hands. The humanity with which the Christian inhabitants were then treated was in marked contrast to the fearful slaughter which had attended the crusaders' capture of the city ninety years before. The Christian states thereafter were reduced to a few strongly fortified towns near the coast.

The loss of Jerusalem caused another outburst of crusading zeal. The three greatest kings of western Europe-Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, of England; Philip II, surnamed Au- 167. Third gustus, of France; and Frederick Barbarossa, of Germany organized

Crusade

now took the cross, and assumed the lead of the Third (1189) Crusade. The Emperor Frederick, who had gone in his youth on the Second Crusade, was the first to start on the Third Crusade. Thorough organization and strict discipline enabled him to lead his army by the Danube route without the customary losses. But while crossing a mountain torrent in Asia Minor the old Emperor was drowned (June, 1190), and thereupon the German expedition went to pieces.

The preparations of Richard and Philip were delayed by their

168. Richard the Lion

mutual hostilities, and it was not until after the death of Frederick that they actually started, both expeditions going by water. At Messina (mes-see'na), in Sicily, the two expeditions met and spent the winter. Here the two kings wrangled, and Richard fought with the citizens. Philip at last departed without Richard, reaching Syria in April, 1191. The English, following later, again turned aside this time to conquer Cyprus, whose king had permitted the plunder of pilgrim vessels on his coast.

Hearted and Philip Augustus

In June, Richard joined Philip before Acre (a'ker), the siege of which had dragged on for more than twenty months. "The

Archer and

Lord is not in the camp," wrote one of the besiegers about Kingsford, this date; "there is none that doeth good. The leaders Crusades, 323 strive with one another, while the lesser folk starve and

have none to help. The Turks are persistent in attack, while our knights skulk within their tents." The arrival of Richard

infused new energy into the operations. He was an undutiful son, an oppressive king, and (in spite of his superficial chivalry and courtesy) a violent and cruel man. But he was a warrior of splendid strength and skill, and cne of the best military engineers of the Middle Ages. In July, Acre surrendered.

When the ransom agreed upon was not forthcoming, Richard massacred 2000 hostages left in his hands.

After the fall of Acre, Philip, who was only half-hearted in the crusade, returned to France. In January, 1192, Richard advanced almost to

within sight of Jerusalem, but this was the limit of his successes. In October news of a rebellion at home, which was aided by Philip, forced him to return. He landed almost alone at the head of the Adriatic Sea, and sought to make his way in disguise through Germany. He was recognized near Vienna, and was thrown into prison by the duke of Austria, whom he had grievously offended on the crusade. He had made an enemy of the Emperor also by allying himself with German rebels. The result was that Richard obtained his liberty only after

som.

MOVABLE TOWER

two years of captivity, and on the payment of a ruinous ranThe remainder of his life (he died in 1199) was spent in warfare with Philip of France. Saladin, who had done so much to revive the Mohammedan power, died in 1193.

The enthusiasm which produced the crusades was slowly dying out, but the exhortations of the papacy could still call it

forth to momentary activity. Pope Innocent III (§ 130) ap

pealed to the princes of Europe, as vassals of Christ, to con169. Fourth tinue the attempt to recover the Holy Land. No king Crusade responded to this call, but a number of knights and nobles (1201-1204) (mostly French) gathered at Venice in 1201 for the Fourth

Crusade. The Venetians, who had commercial interests to further, induced them to turn their arms against Constantinople. A

revolution there furnished them with a pretext, in spite of the · opposition of the Pope, for attacking that Christian city.

Constantinople fell in 1204, and was mercilessly sacked. In three great fires the most populous parts of the city were destroyed. Violence and indignity were the lot of the survivors; Pope Innocent accused the crusaders of respecting neither age, nor sex, nor religious profession. The city was systematically pillaged. Even the churches were profaned and stripped of their rich hangings and their gold and silver vessels. Precious works of art the accumulation of a thousand years - were destroyed; and statues of brass and bronze were broken up and melted for the metal which they contained. The Venetians at