234 U. S.

Argument for McMillan.

97, 102; Baglin v. Title Guaranty Co., 166 Fed. Rep. 356; Brunthaver v. Talty, 31 App. D. C. 134; Buchanan v. Macfarland, 31 App. D. C. 619, 620; Bauschard Co. v. Fidelity Co., 21 Pa. Sup. Ct. 375; Baglin v. Southern Surety Co., 42 Wash. Law Rep. 162, 164; Brown Co. v. Ligon, 92 Fed. Rep. 851; Chester v. Leonard, 68 Connecticut, 495, 570; Carroll v. Lessee of Carroll, 16 How. 275, 286; Conn v. State, 125 Indiana, 514; Chaffee. v. U. S. Fidelity Co., 128 Fed. Rep. 918; Dewey v. State, 91 Indiana, 173; Graham v. United States, 188 Fed. Rep. 651, 657; Guaranty Co. v. Pressed Brick Co., 191 U. S. 416; Harriman v. Northern Securities Co., 197 U. S. 244, 291; Henricus v. Englert, 137 N. Y. 484, 494; Miller v. Stewart, 9 Wheat. 680; McConnell v. Poor, 113 Iowa, 133, 139; O'Neal v. Kelley, 65 Arkansas, 550; Paolucci v. United States, 30 App. D. C. 217, 222; Pollock v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 157 U. S. 429, 574; School District v. Greene, 135 Mo. App. 421, 426; Steffes v. Lemke, 40 Minnesota, 29; Thompson v. Chaffee, 89 S. W. Rep. 285; United States v. American Bonding Co., 89 Fed. Rep. 925; United States v. Bagly, 39 App. D. C. 105; United States v. Boecker, 21 Wall. 652; United States v. California Bridge Co., 152 Fed. Rep. 559; United States v. Freel, 186 U. S. 309, 318; Hill v. American Surety Co., 200 U. S. 197; United States v. U. S. Fidelity Co., 178. Fed. Rep. 721; United States v. Lynch, 192 Fed. Rep. 364, 368; United States v. National Surety Co., 92 Fed. Rep. 549; Wetmore v. Karrick, 205 U. S. 141, 155; Young v. American Bonding Co., 228 Pa. St. 273, 280; Zimmerman v. Judah, 17 Indiana, 286.

Mr.Wharton E. Lester, with whom Mr. Lucas P. Loving and Mr. Daniel W. Baker were on the brief, for the United States to the use of McMillan & Son:

Change of contract does not release the surety from liability to materialmen and laborers. There is a dual nature of bond required by act of 1899.

The agency of the District of Columbia ends with obtaining the bond.

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The materials were furnished under contract for which bond was given.

In support of these contentions, see Mining Co. v. Cullins, 104 U. S. 176; United States &c. v. American Surety Co., 200 U. S. 199; Fidelity & Deposit Co. v. Smoot, 20 App. D. C. 376; United States v. National Surety Co., 92 Fed. Rep. 549; Guaranty Co. v. United States, 191 U. S. 416; United States v. California Bridge Co., 152 Fed. Rep. 559; United States v. Lynch, 192 Fed. Rep. 364; United States v. Freel, 186 Ú. S. 309.

MR. JUSTICE PITNEY, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

The act of February 28, 1899 (c. 218, 30 Stat. 906), under which the bond in question was given, was modeled after an act of August 13, 1894, entitled, "An Act for the protection of persons furnishing material and labor for the construction of public works," (c. 280, 28 Stat. 278). In an action founded upon a bond given under the latter act, it was held by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, in United States v. National Surety Co., 92 Fed. Rep. 549, 551, that the obligation has a dual aspect, it being given, in the first place, to secure to the Government the faithful performance of all obligations which a contractor may assume towards it; and, in the second place, to protect third persons from whom the contractor may obtain materials or labor; and that these two agreements are as distinct as if contained in separate instruments. It was consequently held that the sureties in such a bond could not claim exemption from liability to persons who had supplied labor or materials to their principal, to enable him to execute his contract with the United States, simply because the Government and the

contractor, without the surety's knowledge, had made changes in the contract subsequent to the execution of the bond, the changes being such as did not alter the general character of the work contemplated by the contract or the general character of the materials necessary for its execution.

In support of this decision several cases from the state courts were cited, among them Dewey v. State, 91 Indiana, 173, 185; Conn v. State, 125 Indiana, 514, 518; Steffes v. Lemke, 40 Minnesota, 27, 29; and Doll v. Crume, 41 Nebraska, 655, 660. They fairly sustain the conclusion reached. The cases cited from the Indiana and Minnesota reports antedated the passage of the act of 1894, and may have furnished the suggestion for that enactment.

The decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. National Surety Co., supra, although never until now brought under the review of this court, has been many times cited and followed in the other Federal courts. Brown & Haywood Co. v. Ligon, 92 Fed. Rep. 851, 857; United States v. Rundle, 100 Fed. Rep. 400, 402; United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Omaha Bldg. & Constr. Co., 116 Fed. Rep. 145, 147; Chaffee v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 128 Fed. Rep. 918; United States v. Barrett, 135 Fed. Rep. 189, 190; Henningsen v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 143 Fed. Rep. 810, 813; City Trust &c. Co. v. United States, 147 Fed. Rep. 155, 156; United States v. California Bridge & Constr. Co., 152 Fed. Rep. 559, 562; Title G. & T. Co. v. Puget Sound Engine Works, 163 Fed. Rep. 168, 174.

In Guaranty Co. v. Pressed Brick Co., 191 U. S. 416, and Hill v. American Surety Co., 200 U. S. 197, 203, this court adopted a reasonably liberal construction of the act of 1894, in view of the fact that it was evidently designed to furnish the obligation of a bond as a substitute for the security which might otherwise be obtained by attaching a lien to the property; such lien not being permissible in the case of a Government work.

It seems to us that the construction given to that act in the case in 92 Fed. Rep. is correct, and that it applies equally to the Act of 1899, now under consideration; and that this act, like the other, should receive a reasonably liberal interpretation in aid of the public object whose accomplishment is so evidently intended. Its title is, "An Act relative to the payment of claims for material and labor furnished for District of Columbia buildings." The enacting clause, as well as the title, shows that Congress recognized that no legislation was necessary in order to enable the Commissioners of the District to require "the usual penal bond with good and sufficient sureties" from a contractor engaged for the construction of a public building. The object of the legislation was to give legal sanction to the "additional obligation that such contractor or contractors shall promptly make payments to all persons supplying him or them labor and materials in the prosecution of the work provided for in such contract," and to give to such a laborer or materialman the right to bring an action if necessary upon the bond, either in the name of the District of Columbia or of the United States, for his own benefit, against the contractor and sureties. The nominal obligee is, with respect to these third parties, a mere trustee, and the obligors, including the surety as well as the principal contractor, enter into the obligation in full view of this. The public is concerned not merely because laborers and materialmen (being without the benefit of a mechanic's lien in the case, of public buildings) would otherwise be subject to great losses at the hands of insolvent or dishonest contractors, but also because the security afforded by the bond has a substantial tendency to lower the prices at which labor and material will be furnished, because of the assurance that the claims will be paid.

Stress is placed by counsel for the Surety Company upon the fact that the building was materially altered, and in a

manner that involved the contractor in considerable expense not contemplated in the original contract. If these alterations were made pursuant to a stipulation for that purpose contained in the contract, they were binding upon the surety, unless they were so extensive and material as to amount to a departure from the original contract rather than a permissible modification of its details. United States v. Freel, 92 Fed. Rep. 299; 99 Fed. Rep. 237; 186 U. S. 309.

So far as the certificate shows, however, the contract here in question contained no clause permitting changes. In such case it is beside the question to inquire whether the changes were important, or, indeed, whether they prejudiced or benefited the contractor. The rule that obtains in ordinary cases is that any change in the contract made between the principals without the consent of the surety discharges the obligation of the latter, even though the change be beneficial to the principal obligor.

But it lies at the foundation of this rule of strictissimi juris that the agreement altering the undertaking of the principal must be participated in by the obligee or creditor, in order that it may have the effect of discharging the surety. This is expressed or implied in all the cases. Miller v. Stewart, 9 Wheat. 680, 703, 708, 709; Sprigg v. Bank of Mount Pleasant, 14 Pet. 201, 208; Magee v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 92 U. S. 93, 98; Union Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Hanford, 143 U. S. 187, 191; Prairie State Bank v. United States, 164 U. S. 227, 233; United States v. Freel, 186 U. S. 309, 310, 317.

In the case of a bond given under a statute such as the act of February 28, 1899, there is no single obligee or creditor. The surety is charged with notice that he is entering into what is in a very proper sense a public obligation, and one that will be relied upon by persons who can in no manner control the conduct of the nominal obligee, and with respect to whom the latter is a mere