1845.] Statistics of the European Universities. 199 Another friend, a native of Germany and resident at Leipsic, has sent us the following valuable table. 1150 Bologna 1189 Montpellier 600 410 560 730 730 780 1206 Paris 1222 Salamanca 1224 Naples 1228 Padua 1233 Toulouse 1248 Rome 1249 Oxford 1279 Cambridge 1300 Lyons 1307 Perugia 1308 Coimbra 1337 Sienna 1338 Pisa 1346 Valladolid 1348 Prague 1354 St. Guescar 1361 Pavia 1365 Vienna 1368 Geneva 1385 Heidelberg 1403 Würzburg 1409 Aix 1409 Leipsic 1410 Valencia 1411 St. Andrews 1412 Turin 1419 Rostock 1426 Louvain 1431 Poictiers 1433 Caen 14333 Florence 1441 Bordeaux 1445 Catania 1447 Palermo 1456 Greifswalde 1457 Freiburg 1458 Glasgow 1460 Basel 1465 Pesth 1471 Aberdeen 1474 Toledo 1474 Saragossa 1475 Copenhagen 1476 Upsala 5680 7260 7000 460 400 500 1400 1420 1550 Place. 1477 Tübingen 450 1300 1500 200 245 260 1581 Olmütz 510 545 580 1582 Würzburg ren'd 1280 1200 1300 1591 Dublin 1400 1430 1460 1581 Edinburgh 550 535 550 1607 Giessen 1300 1460 1590 1614 Gröningen 2400 2500 2700|| 1621 Strassburg 210 220 330 || 1632 Dorpat 900 600 660 1634 Utrecht 400 510 450 1665 Kiel 115 120 120 1663 Lund 1000 980 950 1672 Innspruck 1600 1410 1600 1694 Halle 180 185 200 1702 Breslau 1200 1300 1705 Moscow 100 90 115 206 220 250 270 280 295 170 200 220 105 115 120 500 500 600 1725 Dijon 1734 Göttingen 1742 Erlangen 1764 Cagliari 1766 Sassari 1784 Lemberg No. of Students. 1831.1836.1841. 600 700 740 360 400 510 410 420 450 1260 1100 700 260 350 310 240 240 260 225 230 240 800 880 1060 360 370 400 65 70 85 260 280 315 130 150 190 290 300 330 400 500 610 600 600 735 1800 Montauban 200 220 250 1800 Rouen 300 350 300 1801 Rennes 1500 1500 1600 || 1803 Kasan 130 110 140 1803 Charkow 1690 1800 1900 1803 Wilna 460 480 510, 1810 Berlin 250 205 260|| 1806 Lausanne 1110 800 1100 1811 Christiania |1100 1200|1260|| 1812 Genoa 1160 1300 1450 1816 Liege 1690 1800 2090 200 200 230 600 655 710 450 500 610 350 360 350 It may be stated that several of the universities, in addition to Würzburg and Louvain, have been suspended for longer or shorter periods. At some of the universities, the actual residents are considerably less than the numbers in the table. According to the calculation of Mr. Calinich of Dresden, there are at the common schools in Germany 62,250 teachers, and 6,000,000 scholars; at the high schools, lyceums, etc. 4,250 teachers, and 75,000 scholars; at the universities, 1400 teachers, and 18,000 students; at the teachers' seminaries, 500 teachers, and 6000 pupils; at the mechanics' schools, 2000 teachers, and 40,000 scholars; at 36 theological seminaries, 70 deaf and dumb asylums, 21 blind asylums, several academies of the fine arts, military academies, orphan houses, etc., 5000 teachers, and 461,000 pupils; making in all 75,400 teachers, and 6,600,000 scholars. Calinich estimates the whole cost at 22,900,000 rix dollars, or 15,500,000 for the common schools; 2,500,000 for the high-schools; 1,500,000 for the universities; 400,000 for the teachers' seminaries; and the remainder for the other institutions. According to this computation, one sixth of the population of Germany are connected with the schools, at a cost of about half a rix dollar annually to each inhabitant. CONTENTS OF NO. VI. L REFORMERS BEFORE THE REFORMATION.-BRETHREN OF THE LIFE IN COMMON; AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN By B. Sears, D. D. President Newton Theol. Institution. Gerard Groot, Founder of the Institution of the Brethren of the - Commentary upon Seneca De Clementia, Calvin's flight from Paris-Residence in Angouleme and in 348 VII. REMARKS ON THE AUTHENTICITY AND GENUINENESS OF By B. B. Edwards, Professor at Andover. 356 § 1. The Importance of Caution in an Inquiry of this Nature, 361 363 371 4. Early Origin of Alphabetic Writing, 374 5. Language and Style of the Pentateuch does not prove its IX. SELECT LITERARY INTELLIGENCE, Classical and General Literature, Works on Hebrew Grammar, Biblical Interpretation, etc. 398 400 400 401 BIBLIOTHECA SACRA AND THEOLOGICAL REVIEW. NO. VI. MAY, 1845. ARTICLE I. REFORMERS BEFORE THE REFORMATION. BRETHREN OF THE LIFE IN COMMON; AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE INSTITUTION, AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON LITERATURE AND RELIGION.1 Barnas, By B. Sears, D. D. President of Newton Theological Institution. LIKE all institutions of a solid character and of a permanent influence upon society, that of the Brethren of the Life in Common, was called into being by the wants of the age and of the country in which it originated. So helpless was the condition of multitudes of individuals in the middle ages, and so destitute of life the scholastic theology, the religion, or rather the superstitions of the church, that associations for mutual relief, and for spiritual edification among the people were certainly altogether natural, if not absolutely necessary. The communities of the Beguins, Beghards and Lollards, which were the first essays to satisfy those necessities, had originally so many defects, and had, moreover, so far degenerated in their character since their establishment, that they either went to decay of themselves, or were suppressed by authority. And yet both the physical and the moral causes which, in that age of political disorder and of ecclesiastical corruption, had awakened a desire for such fraternities, continued in their unabated strength. Nowhere did the civil disorders, and, at 1 The substance of this Article is taken from the work of Ullmann entitled Reformatoren vor der Reformation, Vol. II. pp. 62–201. The work itself has. been reviewed in a former number. " |