The time of obtaining the Irish patent is five or six weeks, and the expense #130. In Scotland a declaration is made before a justice of the peace. The reference is to the Lord Advocate, and the letters patent are passed at Edinburgh, under the seal appointed, in place of the great seal of the union. The time requisite for a Scotch patent is about six weeks, and the expense ..f.80. The whole expense for letters patent for the three kingdoms, exclusive of the cost of specification and stamps, is £350. The specification requires a stamp of £15; and if it contains 2,160 words or upwards, £1 for every 1,080 words over and above the first 1,080 words. The stamp on the specification for Ireland is £1.. . When the letters patent have been sealed, they may be published without prejudice to the rights secured. A specification must be prepared, which must be enrolled, at the latest, on the day on which the number of his months expire, exclusive of the day of the date of the letters patent. An endorsement of enrolment is made on the specification, the original copy of which is returned to the party as soon as enrolled. An act of Parliament only can dispense with the enrolment. Patents may be amended for defective specification; disclaimers are also allowed, &c., till which amendments the patentee, &c., cannot recover for infringements. Leave for a disclaimer, &c., is first obtained of the Attorney General, Lord Advocate, &c.; a hearing is appointed, &c. If the defect cannot be cured by a disclaimer, &c., recourse must be had to the crown, who may exercise the powers granted by statute on report of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in favor of the same. Patents are vitiated by want of novelty and originality of invention. Patents may be extended by act of Parliament, where the patentee has failed to reap the benefits of his invention. Patents may be assigned, or licenses be granted, by the patentee, to use the invention, &c. : Provisions also exist for the prosecution of infringements, and penalties are inflicted. Bills of equity and injunctions are likewise granted to protect patentees in their rights, &c. Costs are granted the successful party, &c.

Province of Lower Canada.

The petition to be presented to “the governor, lieutenant governor, or person administering the government of the province for the time being,” by whom letters patent are caused to be made out, “containing a summary of the said petition, and giving a short description of the said invention or discovery,” &c. - These letters patent are to be given for a term not exceeding fourteen WearS. - They are next delivered to her Majesty's Attorney (or in his absence to her Majesty's Solicitor) General in the province, to be examined, who shall, within fifteen days of such delivery, if they are found in accordance with the act, certify to this effect at the foot, and return them to the secretary of the province, who (or his deputy) shall present them thus to the governor, &c., to have the seal of the government affixed. Patents are to be recorded in a book kept for that purpose in the office of the secretary of the province. The applicant must be a subject of her Majesty, and an inhabitant of the province. - * . The petitioner shall state that his discovery or invention, &c., is any “new or useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, not known or used before his application,” or “an improvement in the principle of any machine or composition of matter which shall have been patented.” And it is declared, “that simply changing the form or the proportion of any machine or composition in any degree shall not be deemed a discovery.” Every inventor, before he can rečeive a patent, must swear (or, if a Quaker, affirm) “that he does verily believe that he is the true inventor or discoverer of the art, machine,” &c. This oath or affirmation may be made before any justice of the peace. The inventor, on application, must deliver “a written description (signoed by himself, and attested by two witnesses) of his invention or inprovement, and of the manner or process of compounding the same, in such clear and exact terms as to distinguish the same from all other things before known, and to enable any person skilled in the art or science of which it is a branch, or with which it is most clearly connected, to make, compound, and use the same; and in the case of any machine, he shall fully explain the principle of the several modes in which he has contemplated the application of that principle or charazter by which it may be distinguished from other inventions.” Drawings-and written references, where the nature of the case admits, or specimens of ingredients, or of the composition of matter, sufficient for experiment, also a model, (provided the secretary deems a model to be necessary,) are re3. Certified copies of the description, &c. shall be competent evience in all courts in cases touching patent rights. Assignments of an invention must be recorded in the office of the secretary of the province. In case of the violation of a patent, the violator of the same shall pay to the patentee, his heirs and assigns, “a sum that shall be at least equal to three times the price for which the patentee, &c. have usually sold or licensed, or might have sold or licensed, to other persons, the use of the said invention,” which may be recovered by action in any court of competent jurisdiction. Evidence is allowed to be brought by the defendant to prove that the specification does not contain the whole truth, or an addition made for the purpose of deceiving the public, or that the patentee was not the original discoverer or inventor. If the defendant sustains such a declaration, the patent is adjudged void, and the defendant receives a verdict, with the costs of the suit. Cases of interfering applications are to be submitted to the arbitration of three persons, one of whom is to be chosen by the secretary of the province, &c.; their decision in writing, or of any two of them, shall be final as respects the granting of the patent. If either of the applicants fail or refuse to choose an arbitrator, the patent shall issue to the opposite party. If there are more than two interfering applications, and the parties do not all unite in appointing the arbitrators, the secretary, &c. is authorized to appoint the three arbitrators. On oath or affirmation being made before any judge of the court of Queen's bench of the district where the patentee, &c. reside, that any

patent has been obtained by false suggestion, (a motion may be made to the said, court within three years after the issuing of the patent,) the court may require the patentee, &c. to show cause why process should not issue to repeal the patent, &c.; and if sufficient proof be not shown, such patent shall be repealed, the costs in such case to be paid by the tentee; but if the patent be sustained, the complainant to pay the costs to the defendant. The see on application is two pounds currency, which is in full of all fees. Copies to be paid for at the usual rate authorized by law for copies in the secretary’s office ; and for every copy of any drawing, five shillings currency. The provisions of the law extend to any subject of her Majesty, being an inhabitant of the province, who discovers or obtains knowledge abroad of any new art, &c. which he desires to introduce, and which has not been known in the province before. They do not extend to prevent the free importation for sale of any new and useful machine, manufacture, or composition from the United States of America, or any part of her Majesty's dominions in America. In the case of a patent sought to be obtained for an invention or discovery in foreign countries, the applicant must make oath or affirm previously that he is or believes himself to be the first introducer or publisher of the invention, art, or machine into the province. +

Nova Scotia.

The law of Nova Scotia relating to patents is similar, except that the fee to be paid is seven pounds currency. In cases of ingenious persons who are unable to pay the cost of the model, the governor, &c. may dispense with the same. New Brunswick.

" The patent law of this province is the same as the preceding, except that the application is to be made to the lieutenant governor, &c. The applicant must be an inhabitant, or have resided one year previous in the province. The time of the patent granted must not exceed ten years. The Attorney General to return the letters patent within thirty days to the office of the secretary, &c. No person who obtains an improvement on an already granted patent to make or use, or vend the original invention, nor the original patentee to make, use, or vend the improvement, without consent of the owner. The oath to be made before one of the justices of the supreme court of the province, or a commissioner for taking affidavits. No mention is made of model, or the amount of the fee.

FRANCE.

By the last French patent law, patents are granted for any new invention or discovery; i.e. the invention of new manufactures or new means, or the novel application of known means, for the purpose of obtaining a result, or a manufactured product. Pharmaceutical compositions or remedies, financial or monetary plans or combinations, are, however, excepted, and cannot be patented. The brevets of invention or patents are granted for five, ten, or fifteen years. The tax prescribed is 500 francs for 15 years, to be paid by annuities of 100 francs each, under penalty of forfeiture if a year elapses without payment. Applicants must deposite under seal, at the office of the secretary of the prefecture where they reside, or by a representative resident in any other department, the following papers: 1. A petition to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, confined to one principal object, with the details, and pointing out the purposes to which it is applicable; also the term of the patent desired, and give a correct and concise idea of the object of the invention. 2. A description. This must be in French, and written without any alterations or additions; and if any words are struck out or interlined, a memorandum must be made in the margin; the measure and weights those contained in the table of the law of 4th July, 1837. 3. The drawings or specimens necessary to elucidate the description. These must be in ink, and drawn to a scale. A duplicate of these, as well as of the description, must be annexed to the petition. 4. A list of the documents required. All the documents must be signed by the petitioner, or some person appointed by him; and in the latter case a power of attorney must be annexed to the petition. The day and hour when the documents were deposited will be entered in a register at the prefecture, and a copy of this certificate or memorandum will be given to the person depositing, on payment of the stamp. No deposite will be received except on the production of a receipt, certifying the payment of 100 francs on account of fees payable on the patent. The patent to date from the time of the deposite of the documents above required. Immediately after the enrolment of the petition, and within five days from the date of the deposite, the Prefect will transmit the docuuments, under seal of the inventor, to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, with a certified copy of the certificate or memorandum of deposite, the receipt verifying the payment of the tax, and the power or warrant, when required. These documents having arrived, the demands will be enrolled, and the patents delivered in the older they are received, without any previous examination. An order from the minister verifying the regularity of the demand will be delivered to the petitioner, and this will constitute the patent, annexed to which will be a certified duplicate of the description and drawings. The first copy of patents shall be given free of expense; subsequent ones 25 francs; and the expense of drawings to be defrayed by the patentee. ... • In case of irregularity as to the forms prescribed above, the petition will be rejected. One-half of the sum paid to go to the treasury, unless the petitioner produces again his petition within three months from the time when the notice of rejection is given, in which case he may have the whole. In case the object of invention or discovery belongs to the class which cannot be patented, the fees will be returned. L A list of patents is published every three months, in the Bulletin des 0ts, The descriptions, drawings, specimens, and models of patents granted remain, till the patent expires, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, where they will be open for inspection free of expense.

Copies may be obtained at the expense of any person applying. After the payment of the second annuity, the descriptions and drawings will be published either wholly or in part. A catalogue, also, containing the titles of all patents granted in the previous year, will be published at the commencement of each year. - All these publications shall be deposited in the offices of the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and of the secretary of each prefecture, open to inspection free of expense. On the expiration of the patents, the original papers, &c., shall be deposited in the Royal Conservatory of Arts and Trades. A patent can be prolonged only by law made for the purpose. Alterations and additions, verified by certificates, &c., are allowed according to the usual formalities, a tax or fee of 20 francs being paid for each certificate of addition, &c. Patents for improvements on original patents cannot be granted to any one but the patentee or his assigns till after one year. The papers, &c., of another applicant may be presented within the year, but are kept under seal till the year has expired, when the patent will be granted; the preference, however, being given to the patentee, &c. himself, who may have proposed improvements, &c. Improvements, &c. do not entitle the patentee to work the original inven-' tion without consent of the original patentee or his assigns; and vice versa. • Patents may be assigned in whole or in part. Assignments must be enrolled at the office of the secretary of the prefecture in the department where executed. A copy of the certificate of enrolment must be transmitted by the Prefect to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce within five days from the date of the certificate, where a register shall be kept of all transfers of patents; and every three months all the transfers enrolled shall be published. Assignees, &c., to have the full benefit of alb improvements, &c., and the patentee also to have the benefit of improvements granted to assignees, &c. Foreigners may obtain patents for inventions in France; but the duration of a patent already patented abroad cannot exceed that of the foreign patent. Patents are null and void when the invention is not new, or a proper subject matter for a patent; if founded on mere theory, without explaining the application to arts or manufactures; if contrary to public safety or welfare; if deceptive, or if insufficient of description; if obtained contrary to the law; and improvements, also, which do not relate to the original invention. Any invention sufficiently made public in France or else. where, to be put in operation before the date of the deposite, cannot be considered new. Patentees may forfeit their patents for non-payment of the annual tax, as prescribed, if the invention is not put to use within two years from * its date, or if it be intermitted for two consecutive years, if the patentee introduces into France similar foreign articles, except models which are authorized by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce for obtaining a patent from abroad. Fines and penalties are inflicted on any one who stamps, &c. “patented,” without authority of law. Patents may be repealed by proper legal procedure before the civil tribunals, by petition presented, &c. : Invasions of patent rights are punished by a fine varying from 100 to 2,000 francs; and on repetition of the offence, six months imprisonment. In this case, however, a previous conviction within five years must be