part of the lessor, or any intentional and material interference by him with the tenant's proper use and enjoyment of the farm. 5. APPORTIONMENT OF RENT.-The owner of a farm which he has let to a tenant can sell it as freely as if it were not leased. But he sells his farm subject to the lease, for he cannot impair the rights which the lessor has under the lease. The buyer becomes the lessor and has all the original owner's rights and is subject to all of his obligations which run with the land. So the owner may sell a part of the farm, or may sell the whole in parts to different purchasers, but this does not extinguish the obligations of the hirer or lessee, nor does it transfer them all to any purchaser. So also the owner retaining his ownership may assign a portion of the rent-as one-fourth, or one-third, or onehalf, or any other portion-to an assignee. Whether the owner sells a part of the farm, or the whole in parts to different purchasers, or assigns a part of the rent or the whole in parts, there must be an apportionment of rent. The tenant must pay the same rent as before, but now he pays it to the persons entitled to it, in the proportion in which they are entitled to it.

If the owner sells his farm in undivided parts, as one-half or one-third to one buyer and the residue to another, but without boundaries, there is no difficulty in apportioning the rent in the same way. But suppose the owner sells a part of the farm by boundaries, as if he sells certain fields or lots, the rent must now be apportioned according to value and not according to quantity. Here again the tenant has no other interest than to ascertain to whom he must pay his rent. If the owners and the buyers of the fields or lots agree together as to the apportionment of the rent, the lessee is bound by their agreement, because it is of no importance to him to whom he pays his rent. If they do not agree, it is a question of fact which a jury must settle for them.

So there may also be an apportionment by time, as when the lessor dies in the middle of the term for which the farm is leased. The lessee is now liable to the executors or administrators of the deceased for so much of the rent as accrued before he died, and to the heir afterwards, or to the heirs in the proportions in which they inherit the farm.

A tenant of a farm, if his lease is terminated by any event which was uncertain, and which he could neither foresee nor

control, is entitled to the annual crop which he sowed or planted while his interest in the farm continued.

6. CULTIVATION OF THE FARM.-In our chapter on leases it is said that the tenant of a farm is bound, without express covenant, to manage and cultivate the same in such a manner as good husbandry and the usual course of management of such farms in his vicinity require. But it is seldom wise to leave this matter wholly unprovided for by express agreement. The owner and the hirer of a farm generally have an understanding on this subject, and this should be reduced to writing in the lease. Perhaps if nothing else be understood between them but customary and reasonably good cultivation, it is safe enough to leave this to the law. But more may be agreed upon, and especially there may be a distinct bargain as to certain crops, or a certain rotation of crops, or the cutting of wood, or what fields should be broken up or sown, and what, when, and where manure shall be placed, or what land sown to grass, etc. All these things should be most distinctly and carefully set forth in the lease as agreed upon. For no merely verbal agreements would have any effect. For here, as elsewhere, in accordance with the important rule laid down in Chapter XLIII, Section V of this volume, no evidence would be received to vary the lease or add to or diminish its obligations.

For the purpose of showing how and where special stipulations may be inserted we give the following form. The clause concerning renewal may be omitted if there is no agreement.

(346.)

A Form of a Lease of a Farm.

This Indenture, Made the

day of

Lord one thousand nine hundred and

Witnesseth, That I,

in the year of our

— (name and residence of the lessor) do here

by lease, demise, and let unto (name and residence of lessee) a certain farm or parcel of land, in the city (or town) of

State of

county of

and with all the buildings thereon standing, and the appurtenances to the same belonging, bounded and described as follows:

(The premises need not be described quite so minutely or fully as is proper in a deed or mortgage of land, but must be so described as to identify them perfectly, and make it certain just what premises are leased.)

To Hold for the term of ing and paying therefor the rent of

from the

day of

yield

And said lessee does promise to pay the said rent in four quarterly payments on the day of etc. (or state otherwise just when the payments are to be made) and to quit and deliver up the premises to the lessor or his attorney, peaceably and quietly, at the end of the term, in as good order and condition, reasonable and proper use thereof, fire and other unavoidable casualties excepted, as the same now are or may be put into by the said lessor, and to pay the rent as above stated, and all taxes and duties levied or to be levied thereon, during the term, and also the rent and taxes, as above stated, for such further time as the lessee may hold the same; and not make or suffer any waste thereof, nor lease nor underlet, nor permit any other person or persons to occupy or improve the same, or any part thereof, or make or suffer to be made any alteration therein but with the approbation of the lessor thereto, in writing, having been first obtained; and that the lessor may enter to view and make improvements, and to expel the lessee, if he shall fail to pay the rent and taxes as aforesaid, or make or suffer any strip or waste thereof, or fail to fulfill any of the obligations hereinafter recited. That is to say, the said lessee hereby covenants and agrees that he will cultivate the said farm during all his possession of the same, in such manner as good husbandry requires, and in especial, that he will (here insert carefully and fully all the agreements which the parties have made respecting the cultivation of the farm or to which the lessor intends to bind the lessee, and to which the lessee is willing to be bound). And the said lessor on his part covenants that he will, at the request of the said lessee, renew the lease for the period of years, to begin at the expiration of his

lease.

(Signature.) (Seal.) (Signature.) (Seal.)

Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of

Another form of farm lease will be found among the forms at the end of the chapter on Leases.

7. HIRING ON SHARES.-It is a common practice in many parts of this country, for the owner of a farm to let it "on shares." In some countries the great body of the land is let in this way; the proprietor finding for the use of the occupier, such cattle, seeds, implements or tools as may be agreed upon, and the tenant or occupier of the land paying to the proprietor the agreed proportion of the produce. This proportion varies in those countries with varying circumstances, from one-tenth to one-half; being generally from one-third to one-half. If parties in this country make a bargain of this sort, and wish to reduce it to writing, the foregoing form of a lease will answer their purpose, provided they write, in the place of the agreement about rent in that form, what each of the parties agrees to do by their bargain; the one as to what the lessor shall provide for the use of the hirer, and

the other as to what share or proportion of the produce the lessee shall pay or deliver to the lessor or owner, and how it shall be delivered.

Other rules as to the rights and obligations of farmers as owners or hirers of a farm, or lessors and lessees, or landlord or tenants, will be found in our Chapter XXXII on leases. Among them are the rules relating to repairs, and the obligation of either party to make them, rebuilding in case of fires, assignment of lease, or underletting of the whole or a part of the farm, the rights of out-going tenants to crops which he sowed and which mature after he leaves the farm, tenancy at will, and notice to quit; and other like points. For the law on these subjects we refer to that chapter.

CHAPTER XLIV.

PURE FOOD AND DRUG LAW.

UNDER the provisions of this law-Act of June 30, 1906, as subsequently amended-the manufacture within any Territory or the District of Columbia of any article of food or drug which is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of the Act, and the traffic in articles so adulterated or misbranded, including the importation from foreign countries, and the exportation thereof, is prohibited under heavy penalties. Rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of the Act are made by the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Agriculture, and Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Examination of specimens of food and drugs are made in the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture, or under the direction and supervision of the Bureau. In case any such specimens are found to be adulterated or misbranded notice is given to the parties interested, who have an opportunity to be heard, and if provisions of the Act are found to be violated, facts are certified to the District Attorney for action.

"The term 'drug' as used in this Act includes all medicines and preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia

or National Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease of either man or other animals. The term 'food' includes all articles used for food, drink, confectionery, or condiment by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed, or compound."

"An article shall be deemed adulterated:

"In the case of drugs:

"1. If, when sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity, as determined by the test laid down in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia official at the time of investigation. Provided, that no drug defined in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia shall be deemed to be adulterated under this provision if the standard of strength, quality, or purity be plainly stated upon the bottle, box, or other container thereof, although the standard may differ from that determined by the test laid down in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.

"2. If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard or quality under which it is sold.

"In the case of confectionery:

"If it contain terra alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substance or poisonous color or flavor, or other ingredient deleterious or detrimental to health, or any vinous, malt, or spir. ituous liquor, or compound or narcotic drug.

"In the case of food:

"1. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength. "2. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article.

"3. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted.

"4. If it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated, or stained in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed.

"5. If it contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient which might render such article injurious to health; provided that when in the preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by any external application applied in such manner that the preservation is necessarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and