The soldiers whom I saw carrying their officer to the fieldhospital. The soldiers whom I saw disarming the insurgents behaved with bravery. The-thunderbolt 16 I saw falling or lighting. The flame I saw rising up. The cloud I saw coming down. The flowers I saw budding-up." Is the letter I have given him to copy finished? Why did you let her scold? I approve-of13 the resolution you have taken of going to the country.

The criminals that have been condemned to die. The soldiers that have been compelled-to1 leave the town. The ladies whom I invited to dine. The young men I invited20 to come. I am sorry for the opportunity I let slip."

21

My sister has bought the flowers which you have seen planted again. Those are the consequences they pretendedto-infer22 from it. That is the watch which I saw them take. That is the watch which I saw being taken from them.

Do you know the young lady I engaged 23 to dance? Do you remember the resolution you had taken to quit all bad company? How many men fall daily into the disorders they had promised to shun!

24

We are they whom you pretended not to know. I left them talking on business. Where did you meet-with these children? Why did you let them play-like-blackguards" about the streets? Why did you let them be beaten by a bad boy? Why did you let them fight ?25

1. Utiles de.-2. La cause.-3. Devoir.-4. Chercher par.-5. Ambulance.-6. Fusiller.-7. Allons voir.-8. Tâcher de rendre.-9. Laisser. 10. Avancer.-11. Cesser de.-12. Spirituelle.-13. à cultiver.-14. à traiter.-15. Chercher.-16. La foudre.-17. Naître.-18. Applaudir à. -19. Contraindre de-20. Prier.-21. Echapper.-22. Tirer.-23. Inviter.-24. Trouvé.-25. Polissonner.-26. Se battre.

ON THE INDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.

LXXVI.—The time during which a State or an Action has been continued, is expressed in French by the Present of the Indicative, or the Subjunctive, and not by the Perfect, as in English.

C'est une coutume qui dure depuis la Conquête. This has been the practice down from the Conquest.

Les pyramides d'Egypte subsistent depuis bien des siècles. The pyramids of Egypt have existed for many centuries.

ans,

il

Quoique l'on parle et que l'on écrive depuis six mille y a encore bien des choses qui n'ont pas été dites. Although people have spoken and written these six thousand years, there are still many things which have not yet been uttered.

TURN INTO FRENCH.

Has* she been long gone out? She has been out these two hours. How long has her father been dead? We have-beenwalking' these three hours. I have been here these three days. We have now been living these two years abroad.' Dinner has been kept for you this-hour.3

* Commence sentences of this kind by Y avoir, or Voilà, followed by the expression of time, as, Y a-t-il longtemps qu'elle est sortie? Voilà, ou il y a deux heures qu'elle est sortie.

I have been waiting for you three hours. The babbler has been boring me this half-hour.

Have-you?'

Chesterfield said in his old age-Trawley and I have been dead these two years, but we do not wish it to be known. I have been running-about that affair a long time. We have been at school an hour. We-have-been waiting long enough for you. I have been looking for you this hour. The poor man has been-buried1o these eight days.

How long has she been in service? Have you been long out-of" place? How long have you resided here? How long have they been absent? How long have you been acquainted-with-one-another?" Our friendship has been of-long-standing. 13

12

What have you done since you have been here? Have you learned-a-Scotch-reel" since you came to Scotland? How long is it since you came from home? My niece has been ill since yesterday. He has-been-ailing these some days back. That has been running-in-his head for a long time.

16

15

He has been confined-to-his" bed for three months. I have been now six months rambling-over 18 Spain and Portugal. I have been gazing 19 an hour on the man without being able to recognize him. How long has-he-held that post?

20

1. Se promener.-2. En pays étranger.—3. Il y a une heure que.4. Vraiment.-5. Assommer.-6. Savoir.-7.-Trotter pour.-8. Il y a longtemps qu'on.-9. Après.-10. En terre.--11. Sans.-12. Se connaître.-13. Dater de loin.-14. Apprendre à danser une ronde écossaise.-15. Etre indisposé.-16. Trotter dans la.-17. Retenir au.— 18. Parcourir.-19. Contempler.-20. Occuper.

LXXVII.—The French denote the time that is elapsed by the Past Indefinite, the English by what they call the Imperfect.

Y a-t-il longtemps que tu n'as vu la comtesse ?

Translate sentences of this kind by Deputs combien de temps, or simply by Depuis, as the case may be. Depuis combien de temps sert-elle? Elle me sert depuis quinze ans avec un zèle tout particulier. She has served me these fifteen years with a singular zeal.

À peu près six semaines. Is it long since you saw the

countess? Some six weeks now.

The English say, Since you saw, the French, Since you have seen.

TURN INTO FRENCH.

How long is it since she left' this country? It is nearly a year since I saw her. It is more than a year since I paid2 her a visit. How long is it since you came here? It is two years since I came. I saw him three-days-ago. We met him in Paris six months ago.

3

Is it long since he wrote to you? I have not heard-fromhim' this long while.

1. Partir de.-2. Rendre.-3. Il y a trois jours.-4. Recevoir de ses nouvelles.

LXXVIII. To denote a State or an Action, the effects of which were still lasting at a time referred to, the French use the Imperfect, the English the Pluperfect.

Il y avait deux ans que cet ouvrage était en vente. The work had been on sale for two years.

Il y avait deux heures que nous écrivions. We had been writing for two hours.

But if, at the period alluded to, the Action was over, the Past Definite must be used instead of the Imperfect.

C'est alors qu'Alcandre et Septimius achevèrent leurs études à Athènes et se rendirent célèbres, l'un comme le plus habile dialecticien du Lycée, et l'autre comme le plus éloquent orateur de l'Académie. It was at that time that Alcander and Septimius had finished their

studies at Athens and had become celebrated, the one as the most able logician of the Lyceum, the other as the most eloquent orator of the Academy.

TURN INTO FRENCH.

She was an-old-gentlewoman' who had lived more-than? twenty years in that family. How long had you been playing cards when I came in? He knew not how long since each house had-been built. They had been acquainted' long ago. She had been dead a year.

We

Had she not been ill three months when she died? had been in bed two hours when he came in. I had not been long at the inn when-somebody-came-in-and-asked-for-me." I had sought for you three days when I saw you.

I had been reading the newspaper about an hour when he came in. He had gone scarcely two minutes before. He had been waiting for the last ten days. I knew the house, and I knew it had been built a very long time. I had not seen her for-three-months. We had been out for three

hours. Mary had-been-a-close-prisoner 10 for sixteen years.

1. Une vieille personne.-2. Plus de.-3. Etait.-4. Se connaître.— 5. Lorsqu'il vint quelqu'un me demander.-6. Connaître.-7. Savoir.8. Il y avait trois mois que.-9. Sortir.-10. Etre détenue.

LXXIX. Y avoir with the Future and the Conditional.

TURN INTO FRENCH.

At Christmas* your brother will have been six months at school. Shall we not have been six months here nextJune? I shall have been here a year. The work will have been on sale two years by-to-morrow. It will be two years to-morrow since the work was published. We shall have been writing an hour.

3

Would you not have been a month in the country had-you

Translate: There will be six months at Christmas that your brother is, &c.