EXECUTIVE POWERS (continued). those exclusively under control of President, 537, 538. those entirely depending upon prior statutes, 539. power of appointment, 542-558. power to execute the laws, 558-563. executing laws, discretion in, 558. may President judge as to validity of a law, 559, 560. when he may disregard a law, 562. power over foreign relations, 563-572. power to grant pardons, 572-584. power to recommend measures, 584-588. powers of commander-in-chief, 588-598. impeachment, 598-612. (See DEPARTMENTS; HABEAS CORPUS; MARTIAL LAW; PRES- IDENT; WAR POWERS.) EXEMPTION, from execution. (See EXECUTION.) EXPORTS, not to be taxed, 234, 235. not to be taxed by the states, 256. goods intended for exportation may be taxed, 662–664, 670. what are, 420. are criminal laws, 420. are retroactive, 420. cases involving, 421-435. defined by Judge Chase, 421, 422. four classes of, 422. distinguished from retrospective laws, 422. when laws changing the punishment are, 428-431. FALCK, (See TEST OATHS.) description of public law, 2. on the judiciary, 110. FELONIES, on the high seas, power of Congress over, 363. FINES, excessive, forbidden, 149. FLORIDA, acquisition of, 397. government of, while a territory, 408, 404. FORCES, land and naval, Bill of Rights does not apply to, 144, 155. FOREIGN RELATIONS, power to regulate, 563–572. by negotiation, 563–565. importance of this function, 565. belongs to the President, 564. Congress has no direct control over, 564. legislative powers indirectly derived from, 570. by treaties, 566. (See PRESIDENT; TREATIES.) GENERAL WELFARE, meaning of, 228, 229. GERMAN TRIBES, local government among, 106. GEORGIA LOCAL OPTION LAW, 673. GOVERNMENT, absolute, what, 6. classes of, 7. distinguished from nation, 28, 59-63. of Great Britain, powers of, 61, 62. powers of, may be less than absolute sovereignty of the people, 62. can exercise no powers beyond those held by its authors, 66. form of fixed, 9. may authoritatively interpret the Constitution, 83-90. of limited powers, 215-225. express limitations on, 147-215. implied limitations on, 215–225. separation into three coördinate departments, 110. (See CONGRESS; DEPARTMENTS; EXECUTIVE POWERS; Ju- GRAND JURY, when indictment by, necessary, 149, 159. presentment by, 160. GRANTS, from states are contracts, 444. GREAT BRITAIN, Constitution of. (See CONSTITUTION OF GREAT Britain; DepartMENTS.) HABEAS CORPUS, suspension of writ, 591, 593. Congress may authorize suspension of, 592. effects of suspension, 592, 593. gives no greater power to arrest, 593. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, of the power to interpret the Constitution, 87. opinion as to surrender of sovereignty, 39. opinion as to surrender of sovereignty, 39. meaning of, 364, 365. HISTORY, of adoption of the Constitution, 33–58. of period prior to the Confederation, 33-40. of Confederation, 40-52. of proceedings immediate upon adoption of the Constitution, 53-58. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 125. based on idea of centralization, 125. how constituted, 134. power of, over its own members, 142, 143. quorum of, to be a majority of members, 143. revenue bills to originate in, 144. rules for government of, 142. has no power to punish persons not members, 143. (See CONGRESS; ELECTORS OF Representatives; REPRE- SENTATION; REPRESENTATIVES.) HUMPHRIES, JUDGE, impeachment of, 606. HUNDREDS, the Saxon what, 107. HURD, JOHN C., his theory of the Constitution, 23. ILLINOIS, Military Code of, 662. IMPAIR, meaning of, 494. IMPEACHMENT, a sanction applied to officials, 84, 99. provisions of Constitution concerning, 598. who are civil officers, 599. senators and representatives not, 599. case of Senator Blount, 599. the case questioned, 599, 600. lawful grounds of an impeachment, 600-611. first theory, for indictable offences only, reasons for, 600, 601. high crimes and misdemeanors technical words, 601. illustrations of, 602. these theories examined, and second correct, 603–611. practical construction given by Congress, 604, 605. impeachment of Judge Chase, 604, 605. case of Judge Peck, 605. case of Judge Humphries, 606. these cases examined, 606. second theory in harmony with the Constitution, 608. first theory based upon English law, 606, 607. fallacy of this method, 607. when words of the Constitution to receive technical meaning, 607. meaning of high crimes and misdemeanors, 609. crimes not a technical word, 609. consequences of adopting the first theory, 609. debates on impeachment in the convention, 610, 611. Luther Martin's opinion, 611. Madison's opinion, 611. what punishments may be inflicted, 611, 612. President and judges not suspended during pendency of, 612. other officers may be suspended, 612. IMPLIED LIMITATIONS, on United States government, 215-225. states cannot forbid to sell, 285. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, not to be taxed by states, 245. when goods cease to be, 258. included in "foreign commerce," 285. IMPOSTS, what, 229. IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT, abolition of, does not impair the obligation of contracts, 510. declaration of, nature of, etc., 36-38. INDIANS, the Cherokees a distinct political community, 672. what are, 230. to be uniform, 230, 231. INHABITANCY, a qualification for office, 142. INSOLVENT DISCHARGE, as affecting the obligation of contracts, 497. what, 257. right to enact, 227. INTERPRETATION of the Constitution, when words are to receive a technical mean- theory of the Constitution, 23. theory of the Constitution, 25. JUDICIAL POWERS, a mark of nationality, 71, 72. provisions of the Constitution, 613. nature and extent of jurisdiction, 614-617, 619. |