river is the mixing of fertilizers, these terminals are adequate for existing commerce on this river.

The regulations in regard to fires on board vessels lying at the cotton wharves are very strict.

Supplies. Coal, either anthracite or bituminous, in large quantities for steamers, can be had alongside the wharves or from lighters in the stream. Fuel oil may be had. Water can be had alongside the wharves or from water boats. Provisions and ship chandler's stores can be obtained in the city.

Repairs to machinery of steamers and to hulls of vessels can be made; there are marine railways here capable of hauling out a vessel up to 1,500 tons. There is a floating dry dock of 10,000 gross tons capacity, and it will take a vessel 444 feet long and 2212-foot (6.7 m) draft.

Towboats will sometimes be found cruising outside the bar; the deeper-draft sailing vessels tow in and out. All sea-going sailing vessels bound into Cooper and Ashley Rivers employ towboats either Outside the bar or at Charleston. Towboats can always be had by making signal while outside the bar, at the wharves, or may be ordered from the towboat offices in the city. Wrecking and salvaging equipment is available at Charleston.

Communications.-Charleston is served by the following trunk lines: The Southern Railway System, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Seaboard Air Line, and the Charleston and Western Carolina Railroad Company. There are regular steamship connections with foreign, intercoastal, and coastwise ports. The highway connections are excellent. There is regular airplane service to New York and Jacksonville, and wesward to Atlanta and Augusta.

Aviation fields.-The Charleston Municipal Airport is lighted and equipped with a hangar, concrete taxi strip, and necessary additional buildings.

The United States Navy Air Field at the Charleston Navy Yard is available for emergency use of commercial planes. It has cross runways 1,800 and 1,200 feet respectively.

Moffett Flying Field is a privately owned emergency field located at Secessionville on James Island.

Yacht basin.-A municipal yacht basin has recently been constructed on the east side of the Ashley River at the foot of Calhoun Street W., and opposite the entrance to the Intracoastal Waterway southward. The controlling depth in the basin is 8 feet (2.4 m), and 11 feet (3.4 m) in the entrance channel. Gasoline, fuel oil, fresh water, and some supplies are available. A nominal charge is made for dockage.

Storm warnings are displayed from the customhouse at Charleston, at Moultrieville and at the United States Lighthouse Service depot on the Ashley River.

United States Public Health Service.-Medical attendance is furnished by a medical officer of the service. Seamen requiring longcontinued hospital treatment are sent to the marine hospital at Savannah, Ga.; for short terms of hospital treatment they are sent to one of the hospitals in the city.

The United States Customhouse is located at the foot of Market Street.

Tides. See the tide tables for the Atlantic Ocean, in which the tides are predicted for every day at Charleston. At Fort Sumter the tides occur approximately 5 minutes earlier than at Charleston. The mean range at Fort Sumter is about 5 feet (1.5 m).

The tidal currents off the entrance are rotary. (See the results of observations at Charleston Lightship on page 32.)

The tidal currents between the jetties and in Charleston Harbor generally set fair with the channel near its axis. At a point about 1 mile outside Fort Sumter branches from the main ebb current set through the openings between the jetties and the shore with a velocity of about 2 knots at strength. The maximum velocities at the strengh of the ebb are about 3 knots between the jetties, 3 knots between Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, and 2 knots in the South Channel and off the eastern front of Charleston; the velocity of the flood current is less than the ebb, depending on the freshet flow from the rivers. Daily predictions of the times of slack water and the times and velocities of strength of flood and ebb for Charleston Harbor entrance (between the jetties) are given in the Atlantic Coast Current Tables.

9. CHARLESTON ENTRANCE TO TYBEE ROADS

(Charts 1239, 470, 434, 436)

From Charleston Entrance to Tybee Roads the coast trends in a southwesterly direction for a distance of about 65 miles. The coast is low and timbered and is broken by St. Helena, Port Royal, and Calibogue Sounds and numerous inlets from which there is access to the hinterland by means of the rivers which empty into them. Shoal water extends offshore in distances varying from 3 to 8 miles. The Intracoastal Waterway passes through the sounds and the connecting waterways and affords passage to vessels whose draft will permit the navigation of Brickyard Creek above Beaufort, S. C., where there is a controlling depth of 5 feet (1.5 m) at mean low water. The mean range of tide at Beaufort is 7.3 feet (2.2 m). The project depth for this section of the waterway is 7 feet (2.1 m) at mean low water. For a description of this section of the route see the Inside Route Pilot, New York to Key West.

CHARLESTON ENTRANCE TO ST. HELENA SOUND

(Charts 1239, 434, 436)

Lighthouse Inlet is about 1/2 mile south of Charleston Lighthouse. There is no channel across the bar and entrance should only be attempted with local knowledge and at flood tide on a smooth day. Passage is not possible for boats of over 3-foot (0.9 m) draft. The inlet is used only by local fishermen. Small boats pass into Charleston Harbor via Lighthouse Creek and also into the numerous slues north of Folly Island.

Folly Island is an amusement park beach resort on an island of the same name lying between Lighthouse and Stono Inlets. It is connected by a good highway with Charleston. The buildings and lights are plainly visible from seaward. There are no piers on the ocean side, but small boats bound for Folly Island come to Folly River. Practically all these boats come from Charleston Harbor, via Light

NORTH EDISTO RIVER

165

house Creek and the narrow crooked passages which connect it with Folly River; or via the Intracoastal Waterway through Wappoo Creek, Elliott Cut, and Stono River.

Stono Inlet is about 7 miles southwestward of Charleston Lighthouse. The entrance of the inlet is obstructed by a shifting bar and is marked by a black and white vertically striped buoy. The channel across the bar to the inlet is marked by two buoys. In 1934, with local knowledge, a draft of 7 feet (2.1 m) could be taken into Stono River at mean low water. The entrance is used by local fishermen. Stono River empties into the inlet from northward, about 134 miles above the entrance. On the west bank of the river, 314 miles above the entrance of the inlet, is the village of Legareville. The river is of little commercial importance. Its upper reach, above Elliott Cut, forms part of the inland passage from Charleston to Savannah. Vessels enter the river by the Intracoastal Waterway from Charleston. During the summer months numerous pleasure craft belonging to residents on Folly Beach use this means of reaching the resort via Folly River.

Folly River enters Stono Inlet from the north and Kiawah River from the south. Both are relatively unimportant. Folly River is used by pleasure craft and local fishermen desiring to reach Folly Beach. The vertical clearance at Folly River Bridge is 14.5 feet (4.4 m) at mean high water.

North Edisto River entrance is 17 miles southwestward of Charleston Lighthouse and 17 miles northeastward of Hunting Island Beacon (unused lighthouse). There is a There is a prominent water tank on the eastern point of the entrance. The river is of little commercial importance and rarely used. Shoals extend offshore over 3 miles at the entrance of the river, forming a shifting bar over which there is a channel depth of about 10 feet (3.0 m). This channel is marked by buoys which are moved, when practicable, to indicate the best water. It is well defined by breakers. Pilots can be obtained at Charleston. A 9-foot (2.7 m) spot was found near midchannel, 2,550 yards 303° true from Bohicket Creek Light.

Two of the tributaries of North Edisto River, Wadmalaw River from eastward and Dawho River from westward, are part of the Intracoastal Waterway from Charleston to Savannah. The entrances to Bohicket Creek, Steamboat Creek, and Dawho River are marked by lighted beacons. Rockville is a village on Bohicket Creek, 212 miles above the entrance of North Edisto River. A draft of 14 feet (4.3 m) can be carried up Bohicket Creek to Rockville. There are two docks and fresh water can be obtained at one of them.

Yonges Village (Yonges Island post office) is a small settlement and railroad terminus on the west bank of the Wadmalaw River. It is connected with river towns and settlements by steamboats. Gasoline and some supplies can be obtained here. A depth of 7 to 8 feet (2.1 to 2.4 m) can be taken alongside the wharves. There is a marine railway here capable of hauling out a vessel 90 feet long and 6-foot (1.8 m) draft. This railway is owned by a transportation company and usually occupied by the company's vessels.

The mean rise and fall of tides in North Edisto River entrance is about 6 feet (1.8 m). On the bar the direction of the current is generally across the channel. The flood current sets about westward

and the ebb eastward, and both have considerable velocity. Inside the bar, in the channel between the breakers, the ebb current is to be guarded against, particularly as it sets across the north breakers.

South Edisto River empties into the Atlantic about 8 miles northeastward of Hunting Island Beacon (unused lighthouse) and just eastward of St. Helena Sound entrance. The river is of little commercial importance, but it is navigable for flatboats and rafts for a distance of about 220 miles above its mouth. From the entrance to Dawho River it is known as South Edisto, and above Dawho River it is known as Edisto River.

The stretch of the river between Fenwick Island Cut and Watts Cut forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway. Near the junction of Dawho and Edisto Rivers the water is generally fresh and suitable for boilers. Jacksonboro is a village on the railroad about 27 miles above the mouth of the river, to which point a draft of 7 feet (2.1 m) can be taken at high water.

The entrance of the river is obstructed by a shifting bar which forms a part of the extensive shoal which makes offshore for a distance of about 6 miles from the entrance to St. Helena Sound. The depth over the bar into South Edisto River, according to the latest survey (July 1934), was 16 feet (4.9 m), through an unmarked channel. The river is entered by way of the inside route, and the entrance from sea is not used. Pilots for the bar and river may be obtained from Charleston or Beaufort, S. C. The mean rise and fall of tides is about 6 feet (1.8 m). The currents at the entrance have a velocity of about 2 knots.

ST. HELENA SOUND

(Chart 436)

is the broadest opening in the coast between Chesapeake entrance and the Gulf of Mexico. From Bay Point on the east to Hunting Island on the west the entrance is 61/2 miles wide. About 14 miles from the northern end of Hunting Island is Hunting Island Beacon, the principal guide to the entrance. Shoals make off for a distance of 6 miles seaward from the entrance, through which there are several channels leading into the sound. The principal channel has a depth ranging from 16 to 18 feet (4.8 to 5.5 m) and is marked by buoys which are moved to indicate the best water.

A number of navigable rivers empty into the sound, the most important of which are Coosaw, Ashepoo, Bull, Combahee, Morgan, and Harbor Rivers. Ashepoo and Coosaw Rivers and Brickyard Creek are a part of the section of the Intracoastal Waterway between Charleston and Savannah.

Hunting Island Beacon is a conical tower, lower part white, upper part black. The light has been discontinued.

Coosaw River empties into the head of the sound about 5 miles above its entrance. It is important only as a part of the Intracoastal Waterway. The channel in the river is irregular in depth, having been made so partly by the phosphate dredges which operated here. It is buoyed for a distance of about 10 miles to the mouth of Brickyard Creek and a depth of 15 feet (4.5 m) can be taken to this point at high water. The mean rise and fall of the tide in the vicinity of the mouth of Brickyard Creek is about 7 feet (2.1 m).

Brickyard Creek connects Coosaw and Beaufort Rivers and has a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m). The channel of the Intracoastal Waterway through Brickyard Creek is well marked by beacons. Whale Branch connects Coosaw and Broad Rivers and has a least depth of about 7 feet (2.1 m). Two drawbridges cross the branch about 42 and 51/2 miles westward of the entrance to Brickyard Creek.

Bull River empties into Coosaw River from northward about 5 miles above its mouth. There are the ruins of a phosphate plant and wharf on the west bank of the river about 2 miles above its mouth, and there is a least depth of about 17 feet (5.2 m) in the river to it. On the opposite bank and just inside the mouth of a creek are the buildings of a closed national quarantine station. Chisholm is a small settlement on the west bank of the river about 311⁄2 miles above its mouth. Williman Creek has a depth of about 5 feet (1.5 m) around the northeast side of Williman Island.

North Wimbee Creek, southward of Williman Island, is nearly dry in places at low water.

Combahee River empties into Coosaw River from northward about 2 miles above its mouth. The river is unobstructed for a distance of 52 miles above its mouth, except by the Seaboard Air Line Railway and the highway bridges, 11 and 18.6 miles respectively from the Coosaw River, to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge (closed), and is navigable for this distance by boats of about 5-foot (1.5 m) draft. The tides have a range of about 6 feet (1.8 m) at the mouth of the river and 4.5 feet (1.4 m) at the highway bridge.

Old Chehaw River empties into Combahee River about 3 miles above its mouth; about 1 mile above the junction of Old and New Chehaw Rivers are the ruins of the lumber mill and village of Wiggins.

New Chehaw River empties into Combahee River at its mouth; it is unimportant and has no traffic.

Ashepoo River empties into St. Helena Sound from northward just inside the entrance; for a distance of 234 miles above the entrance to Fenwick Island Cut the river forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway between Charleston and Savannah. At high water a draft of about 6 feet (1.8 m) can be taken approximately 30 miles above the entrance to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad drawbridge, and boats have gone to within 8 miles of the town of Walterboro. The Seaboard Air Line Railway crosses the river 19 miles above the entrance. There are no settlements of any importance on the river.

Morgan River empties into St. Helena Sound from westward. It is about 9 miles long and at its head connects with Chowan Creek, a tributary of Beaufort River; at the divide this passage is nearly dry at low water. The best entrance to Morgan River is through Parrot Creek, which has a depth of 13 to 14 feet (3.9 to 4.2 m) and leads from Coosaw River nearly opposite the mouth of Bull River. There is also an entrance with a depth of 8 feet (2.4 m), through Lucy Point Creek, also known as Dales Creek. It is marked by a red and black beacon off Sams Point. There is a wharf and an oyster-packing plant just inside of the creek. The mean range of tide near the head of Morgan River is about 7 feet (2.1 m).

Harbor River empties into St. Helena Sound from the southwestward. At its head the river connects with Story River and the latter with Station Creek, forming an inland waterway with a least depth of