resolution was passed declaring that the minimum salaries of Poor-law and Dispensary Medical officers should be £100 a year. Resolutions were also carried respecting the remuneration of Medical witnesses in courts of law, retiring allowances to Poor-law Medical officers, Parliamentary representation of the Medical Profession, &c. MEDICAL BENEVOLENT FUND SOCIETY OF IRELAND.— The annual meeting of this Society was held on Monday, the 1st inst., in the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, when the chair was taken by Dr. Mackesy, of Waterford, President of the College. The chairman, in the course of an eloquent speech, stated that the members of the Society, desirous to perpetuate the memory of its benevolent founder, had very generally subscribed for the purpose of having two portraits of the late Dr. Kingsley, painted by the eminent artist, Mr. Catterson Smith, and that it was arranged that one of these portraits should be placed in the College of Physicians, the other in the College of Surgeons. Dr. Mackesy added that he considered himself fortunate that it had fallen to his lot to preside at the meeting at which one of these memorials was to be inaugurated. The annual report was read by Dr. Wharton, Honorary Secretary. Dr. Benson, in moving the adoption of the report, complained of the apathy of many members of the Profession in not supporting the Society. Nevertheless, he considered that the Society was making progress; they had £6000 in the fun ds, and they expected in a short time to receive an additional sum of £4500. BOOKS RECEIVED. Infant Feeding, and its Influence on Life. By C. F. H. Routh, M.D. Second Edition. London: John Churchill and Sons. 1863. Physiological Researches. By John Davy, M.D., F.R. S. London: Williams and Norgate. 1863. Annual Report of the Committee of Visitors of the County of Warwick Pauper Lunatic Asylum. 1862. The First Report of the London Missionary Society's Chinese Hospital at Peking, under the care of W. Lockhart, F.R.C.S. 1863. The Sixteenth Annual Report of the Chinese Hospital at Shanghai, under the care of James Henderson, M.D. 1863. The Australian Medical and Surgical Review. No. 1, March, 1863. Melbourne: F. F. Baillière. The Progress of Ophthalmic Surgery from the Invention of the Ophthalmoscope (in 1851) up to the Present Time. By John Zachariah Laurence, F.R.C.S. London: H. Mitchener. 1863. Report on the Probable Duration of Life of the Men in the City Police Report of the Committee of Visitors of the Lunatic Asylum for the North Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London. Vol. I., Part 3. The Dental Review for June, 1863. London: J. W. Davies. NOTES, QUERIES, AND REPLIES. Ne that questioneth much shall learn much.-Bacon. By Vincit qui se Vincit.-Not according to the Medical Act. VACCINO-SYPHILITIC INOCULATION. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL TIMES AND GAZETTE. SIR,-Your last number contained a letter from my friend Mr. Hine, of Nottingham, on the subject of the case I lately reported in your columns. He gives expression to facts so clearly stated by Mr. Hutchinson, and so universally known, that my respect for your space prevented me, in my report, from answering his objections by anticipation. I hoped your readers would give me credit for not overlooking considerations so entirely obvious. My own experience, and, as far as I can learn, that of other observers, furnish no instances of inherited disease as severe as that which I described and yet as late in its appearance, even in the eldest child, especially when the mother has had no abortions, and no symptoms of syphilis even in her pregnancy, and when the father and the remaining children are absolutely free from any trace of the disease. In cases much less severe, I have usually found an earlier manifestation of the cachexia, and the second child, if born after only a short interval, always more or less affected. Of course there are several possible explanations. The child may be the fruit of pre-nuptial intere urse with au infected person. As I have said, a single case proves nothing, but I think ry explanation the most probable among those that occur to me; and the question it raises is certainly too important to be hastily disposed of. Stroud, Gloucestershire. I am, &c. ROBERT B. CARTER. FOREIGNERS IN THE ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL TIMES AND GAZETTE. SIR,-Will you do me the favour to inform me whether it is possible for a foreigner (young Prussian military Physician) to enter the Medical service of the English army? I am, etc. London, June 1. M.D. Berlin. [The law forbids it, unless the applicant be naturalized.—ED.] THE THREE PHYSICIANS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL TIMES AND GAZETTE. SIR.-I have heard the old comic song of the "Three Physicians" sung many and many a time in my youth, but never saw it in print until last week in your journal. Perhaps you will let me supply a missing verse, which is essential to connect the substitutions of the chambermaid with the complaints subsequently made by the Doctors. "Soon a dame, grown with plethora red in the face, The version I bave heard of the two last stanzas is as follows:- ་ THE DISCOVERY OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE CALABAR BEAN. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL TIMES AND GAZETTE. SIR, I have read with pleasure the very interesting papers which have been recently communicated to the various Medical journals, on the myositic action of the Calabar bean, proving the interest taken in the subject by eminent men in various quarters. My satisfaction has, however, been slightly shaded with a degree of disappointment that the circumstance of my having had the fortune to discover this action has received an extremely meage and doubtful acknowledgment I have to regret that the investigation on the Calabar bean, which formed the subject of my inaugura! thesis, publicly defended on July 31, 1862, has been delayed in its publication, in a printed form, for so long a time. In the meantime, h wever, I had informed an enthusiastic Ophthalmic Physician, Dr. D. Argyll Robertson, of the discovery, forgetting that by so doing I incurred the risk of losing the advantage of being the first to announce what was my proper discovery. My letter is not written for the purpose of claiming any disputed honour. My right is distinctly admitted by Dr. Robertson, in the introductory remarks to his first paper, read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, and afterwards published in the Edinburgh Medical Journal for March, 1863; and Professor Balfour, in the discussion at the Society, which followed the reading of Dr. Robertson's communication, said he was anxious that Dr. Fraser "should have the credit of having first discovered its action on the pupil” (Edinburgh Malical Journal, March, p. 861). The reality of this claim will be more fully shown by the publication of my thesis, which will be commenced in the Edinburgh Medical Journal for July. A young writer will be excused, in the meantime, for expressing his chagrin to find paper after paper written on the ophthalmic applications of the ordeal bean, in only the first of which allusion is made to the discoverer, while in all the others he is ignored. I am, &c. THOMAS R. FRASER, M.D. Edin. Materia Medica Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, May 26. THE TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS INVETERATA. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL TIMES AND GAZETTE. SIR,-As the few remarks I made on this disease in the Medical Times and Gazette of January 24, have been so favourably noticed, I am (on account of the apparent interest attached to this class of case) induced to give a short reply to the letters of Drs. Gaskoin and Sadler. Dr. Gaskoin has misunderstood my statement regarding the treatment I adopted. I never intended to intimate that Fowler's solution and quinine would prove effectual in all cases. I found those drugs useful in my own practice, and have no doubt but many others found them useful in similar cases. I agree with Dr. Gaskoin in thinking that this disease is not apparently confined to any particular kind of constitution; yet, on investigation, I believe we will be able to find some trace of a scrofulous constitution, either "hereditary" or "acquired." When this does not exist, we must then adopt a different treatment from that which may be dogmatically stated to be useful. In that type which is the result of syphilitic impregnation, mercury must first of all be given, and finally Fowler's solution, the use of which has been found to be more beneficial than any of the other compounds of arsenic. I have every reason to believe that quinine will be found a useful adjuvant in every case, especially if any dyspeptic symptoms exist. Although the remarks on the use or introduction of the liquor arsenici chloridi are intended for me, I may yet be permitted to offer a few words of remark on its use, and to state that I neither know nor heard of any Practitioner who has ordered this preparation, which at best is of doubtful utility. Some of the oldest and ablest Practitioners, both here and in other places, state to me that their experience is in accordance with my observations. This compound has been omitted from most of our Pharmacopoeias, and Mr. Beasley, in his book of prescriptions, merely mentions the dose of this preparation. We may add that most of the compounds of the chlorides are in disuse, and I expect they will, later on, form some of the fashionable remedies of Veterinary Surgeons. I have here with grateful feelings to thank Dr. Sadler for his kindness in sending me all the published accounts of the Purton Spa. I have no doubt but its use may be beneficial. Together with being sceptical regarding the virtues of spas in general, I must remark that all that has been said in praise of this water cure, its wonder-working good, and indiscriminate use, seems to border on a kind of puff. That class of lepra and psoriasis, the result of syphilitic impregnation, is, as far as I have observed, produced by the repeated application of caustics to the chancres, while no internal remedies had been administered. I will reserve for another ti e any remarks I may make on the mercurial and non-mercurial treatment of syphilis. I am, &c. Limerick, May 10. T. B. MORIARTY, A.B., M.D., &c. POOR-LAW MEDICAL RELIEF. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MEDICAL TIMES AND GAZETTE. SIR-Permit me again to trespass on the pages of your Journal to inform the Poor-law Medical officers that since my last communication with them I have employed much time in superintending and directing the preparation of an extensive series of tables, placing side by side the number of parishes, area in statute acres, population, number of Medical officers, and their salaries at different periods, also the amount of extra Medical fees, and in a final column the total Medical expenditure, the dates commencing in the year 1842, and terminating in 1861; the evidence accompanying this will, I trust. convince the most sceptical of the justice of our complaints, and the incorrectness of some of the material points in Mr. Cane's @tatements last session. This evidence I intend to lay before the Select Committee as soon as it shall be reappointed. I have, however, been informed, through the medium of a member of parliament, "that the delay in the reappointment of the Committee arises from pressure of business at the board, owing to distress in the north, and that a continuance bill for the year is likely to be brought in." In this I trust my info mant may be mistaken, as it is not long since I had a letter, in reply to one I addressed to the Right Hon. C. P. Villiers, promising me "a communication as soon as the appointment is made," which leads me to believe that it was then at least intended to move the reappointment of the Committee; but as it is possible, that even when they meet, it may only be for the purpose of drawing up a report, and not to receive further evidence, I think it most desirable to be prepared for that event, and put into print a part at least of the evidence I have drawn up, in order that the Committee may be in possession of certain facts, and come prepared to recommend to Parliament resolutions which will tend to improve the system of Medical relief to the poor. The great draw back in placing my evidence in the printer's hands is the want of money, having already expended about £25 more than I have received; it must therefore now rest with the Poor-law Medical officers themselves whether I am to proceed or stand still. I believe we have arrived very near the termination of our up hill labours; I therefore advise we should go on a little further and crown the summit of the hill; the old adage, faint heart never won fair lady," is not inapplicable to our case. No great cause has ever been carried in the House of Commons without much trouble and some expense; and as ours is a great cause, involving annually the welfare of one million and a quarter of the sick poor of this kingdom, I do trust my Medical friends will not shrink from a little further exertion. .. I am aware it is considered by many a hopeless task to fight against a public board, but I feel convinced that we have only to prove the soundness of the views we advocate to insure the present President of the Poorlaw board following in the footsteps of the Right Hon. J. Sotheron Estcourt, and aiding us in the reform so much needed. Since the commencement of the present year I have received but £19 10s., and part of this is from gentlemen unconnected with union practice-a sum but little over the cost of the postage of the last issue of circulars sent to the 3073 Poor-law Medical officers. I trust I have but to name the circumstance of the want of money to arouse my friends to the very little exertion required to place a few shillings' worth of postage stamps in a letter and forwarding them to me. Whilst addressing the Poor-law Medical officers on a public question, permit me a little further space to say a few words on a subject personally affecting myself. The facts are briefly these :- Many years since an orphan in very delicate health was placed under my care, the general opinion being that he would never attain his majority; he, however, not only accomplished this, but afterwards proceeded on a tour to Australia, America, and India, and died at Futtebghur in March last, leaving all his property to me, subject to certain annuities, which will absorb the greater part of the present income. There is, however, a small estate in Chancery which he was trying for at the time of his death, and if I can establish his legal claim to it, that property will be mine; but, in order to do this, I must prove that he was the heir-at-law, and for this purpose I require the date of the birth of his father, Charles Henry Miller Lolley, and his uncle, John Hopki son Lolley. sons of William Martin Lolley by his first wife, Aun Swaine, to whom he was married in Liverpool in 1802, and from whom he was divorced in Scotland in 1812. Search has already been made to discover their place of birth, but in vain; I have therefore thought it just possible some one of my Medical friends who possess Medical ledgers for the years 1800 to 1813 might by simply turning to the index of their books, and running down the letter I, by chance discover the name of Lolley, and thus give me a clue to the dates of these births, and assist a brother in either obtaining a few hundred pounds, or in preventing him needlessly expending money in a Chancery suit. The births most probably took place either in or near Liverpool, the father having been a wine and spirit merchant there. In Wales also they had relatives, as the property in Chancery belonged to a Mrs. Allen, of the Glen, near Lang Hen, Denbigh, but as the divorce took place in Scotland, the births might possibly have been there. This, it will be said, is rather a wide field, but as your Journal is read in all those places, it is not improbable some one of your readers may be found who can assist me. I am, &c. 12, Royal-terrace, Weymouth, June 1. RICHARD GRIFFIN. COMMUNICATIONS have been received from Dr. GRAILY HEWETT; Mr. GEORGE NEWTON, R N.; Mr. ROBERT B. CARTER; M.D., Berlin; Mr. C. CARTER BLAKE; Dr. JAMES ARNOTT; Dr. E. LANKESTER; Dr. SEPTIMUS GIBBON; Mr. JAMES ROBERTSON; ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, EDINBURGH; A SUBSCRIBER AND CONSTANT READER; Messrs. G. VAN ABBOTT AND CO.: APOTHECARIES' HALL; Dr. JAMES ADAMS; The Rev. Professor HAUGHTON, M.D.; Dr. A. W. FoOT; Mr. HENRY LEE; Mr. J. KEENE; Mr. W. BIGGs; Mr. LE GROS CLARK; Mr. C. H. BAITERSBY; Mr. JAMES R. LANE; Dr. G. E. WRIGHT; COUNCIL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND REGISTRATION; Mr. T. R. FRASER; Dr. T. B. MORIARTY; Dr. J. W. M. MILLER; Mr. RICHARD GRIFFIN; ROYAL INSTITUTION; Dr. J. TASKER EVANS: Mr. LANGSTON PARKER; Dr. R. HARLAND WHITEMAN; Dr. W. S. WHYLOCK; Dr. J. W. TRIPE; SOCIETY OF ARTS; ROYAL MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY; Dr. KIRKES; Mr. G. W. GRABHAM; "VINCIT QUI SE VINCIT," Messrs. M. SALT and SON; A CONSTANT READER. ORIGINAL LECTURES. PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S LECTURES AT THE THE LECTURES ON THE VERTEBRATE SKULL. [THE account of the structure and development of the vertebrate skeleton, which was announced as the subject of the latter part of Professor Huxley's course, resolved itself, practically, into a discussion of so much of that subject only, as is involved in the study of the structure, development, and morphological relations of the skull. Partly on this ground, partly because the exigencies of an oral demonstration demand a method and style of exposition which are not those best fitted for descriptive writing, the Lecturer has determined on preserving only the substance of his discourses, and the general arrangement of the matter which he adopted. Henceforward, therefore, the lectures will not be numbered, but the subject matter will appear in successive sections.] I.-The Structure of the Human Skull. The human skull is by no means one of the simplest examples of a vertebrate cranium which can be studied, nor is the comprehension of its structure easy; but, as all vertebrate anatomy has started from the investigation of human organisation, and the terms osteologists use are derived from those which were originally applied to definite parts of the organism of man, a careful investigation of the fundamental structure of the human skull becomes an indispensable preliminary to the establishment of anything like a sound comparative nomenclature, or general theory, of the vertebrate skull. Viewed from without (Fig. 1), the human cranium exhibits a multiplicity of bones, united together, partly by sutures, partly by anchylosis, partly by moveable joints, and partly by ligaments; and the study of the boundaries and connexions of these bones, apart from any reference to the plan discoverFIG. 2. M. FIG. 2.-Anterior half of the skull of a young person (six or seven years of age) transversely bisected. The temporal bone (T) on each side is left in outline, and the contour of the alisphenoid is supposed to be seen through it. II, optic foramina between the roots of the orbitosphenoids; V, foramen ovale for the third division of the trigeminal; N indicates the nasal chamber; So Ma is placed in the buccal chamber. VOL. I. 1863. No. 676. The able in the whole construction, is the subject of the topographical anatomist, to whom one constantly observed fact of structure is as valuable as another. morphologist, on the other hand, without casting the slightest slur upon the valuable labours of the topographer, endeavours to seek out those connexions and arrangements of the bony elements of the complex whole which are fundamental, and underlie all the rest, and which are to the craniologist that which physical geography is to the student of geographical science. Perhaps no method of investigating the structure of the skull conduces so much towards the attainment of a clear understanding of this sort of architectural anatomy, as the study of sections, made along planes which have a definite relation to the principal axes of the skull. If a vertical a nd transverse section be taken through the skull, in such a manner, that the plane of the section shall traverse both external auditory meatuses, the skull will be divided into two unequal portionsan anterior, larger, and a posterior, smaller. The former, if viewed from behind, will present the appearance represented in Fig. 2. A stout median floor (BS) whence lateral continuations (AS) are prolonged to meet an arched roof (Pa), divides a capacious upper chamber, which, during life, lodged a part of the brain, from a lower chamber, formed by the bones of the face. This lower chamber itself is again separable into two parts, an upper, divided into two by a median septum (Vo)-the nasal passages; and a lower, the oral cavity. The posterior portion of the bisected skull (Fig. 3) presents, in like manner, a strong floor (BO) and a large upper chamber for the lodgment of parts of the brain; but the lower chamber seems at first to be absent in the skeleton, being represented, in fact, only by the styloid processes (Sty) the so-called stylo-hyoid FIG. 5.-Front view of the skull, the halves of which are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. N, nasal chamber; Or, orbit. The nasal bones are removed, and so much of the upper and lower jaws as is necessary to show the permanent teeth. FIG. 4.-Longitudinal and vertical section of a Human Skull. * The sella turcica. Au. The position of the superior and posterior vertical semicircular canals. I., II, V., VIII, IX. The exit of the olfactory, optic, third division of the fifth eighth, and ninth nerves. A longitudinal and vertical section of the skull (Fig. 4) enables us to observe the same relations of the parts from another point of view. The central bones (BO, BS, PS, Eth., Vo), which lie between the arches of the brain-case above and the arches of the face below, are, in such a section, found to constitute a continuous series, from the occipital foramen to the anterior extremity of the nasal passage, which, as it forms the common centre or axis, not only for the bones of the brain-case or cranium proper, but also for those of the face, may be termed the Cranio-facial axis. It will be useful to divide this axis into two portions,-a posterior basi-cranial (BO, BS, PS), which forms the centre of the floor of the proper cranial cavity; and an anterior, basi-facial (Eth. Vo.), which constitutes the axis of the front part of the face. Three pairs of chambers, destined for the lodgment of the organs of the higher senses, are placed symmetrically upon each side of the double bony box thus described. Of these, two pair are best seen in a front view of the skull (Fig. 5), the inner pair being the olfactory, or nasal chambers (N), the outer pair, the orbits (Or). The other pair are better displayed in the transverse sections, Figs. 2 and 3, and are formed by the temporal bones of anatomists (7), and especially by the petrous and mastoid portions of those bones. There is an obvious difference between the relations of these sensory chambers to the contained sensory organ, in two of these chambers as compared with the third. The sensory apparatuses of the nose and of the ear are firmly fixed to, or within, the bony chambers in which they are lodged. That of the eye, on the other hand, is freely moveable within the orbit. An axis, upper and lower arches, chambers for the sensory organs,-such are, speaking generally, the components of the skull. The special study of these components may be best commenced from the cranio-facial axis. Viewed either from above (Fig. 6) or from below (Fig. 7) the cranio-facial axis is seen to be depressed, or flattened from above downwards, behind, and thick and nearly quadrate in the middle; while, in front, it is so much compressed, or flattened from side to side, that it takes the shape of a thin vertical plate. In such a young skull as that from which the Figures 7 and 8 are taken, the depressed hindermost division of the axis is united with the rest, and with the bones EO, EO, only by synchondroses and is readily separable, in the dry skull, as a distinct bone, which is termed the basi-occipital (BO). The basi-occipital furnishes the front boundary of the occipital foramen, and its postero-lateral parts, where they abut against the bones EO, contribute, to a small extent, to the formation of the two occipital condyles. In the adult skull the basi-occipital anchyloses completely with the exoccipital on the one hand, and with the next bone of the basi-cranial axis on the other, so that the saw must be called to our aid in order to demonstrate the bone. FIG. 7.-Cranio-facial axis and lateral elements of the superior arches (as in Fig. 6), with the pterygoid bones, and without the vomer, viewed from below. e, junction of the basi-sphenoid and presphenoid with the internasal cartilage; C.S., cornua sphenoidalia, or bones of Bertin. From the synchondrosis a to the point b, in even so young a skull as that here represented, the basi-cranial axis is formed by one continuous ossification, excavated superiorly (Figs. 4 and 6) by a saddle-shaped cavity, the sella turcica, which lodges the pituitary body,-an organ of no great physiological moment, so far as we know, but of first-rate morphological significance. On each side of the hinder part of the sella turcica, the basisphenoid presents a groove for the internal carotid artery, and this groove is completed in front and externally, by an osseous mass, tapering from behind forwards, the lingula sphenoidalis, which lies between the basi-sphenoid and ali-sphenoid. At the front part of the sella, separating it from the depression for the optic commissure, there is a transverse ridge, the tuberculum selle. (a) The region between the sychondrosis and the (a) Where the terms employed in our ordinary handbooks of Human Anatomy do not suffice for my purpose, I employ those used by Henle in his classical "Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen," now in course of publication. tuberculum is the upper surface of the basi-sphenoid. Its under surface (Fig. 7) exhibits a median wedge-shaped portion, terminating abruptly at the point e, on each side of which are stuck on, as it were, two delicate bones, shaped somewhat like sugar bags, with their wide and open ends directed forwards and their apices backwards. These are the bones of Bertin, or cornua sphenoidulia, which do not properly belong to the basi-sphenoid, but coalesce with it in the course of growth. From the tuberculum selle (c) to the point (b) in the upper view (Fig. 6), and from the point e to b of the lower view (Fig. 7), the middle region of the cranio-facial axis belongs to a third bone, the presphenoid (PS) which terminates the basi-cranial axis. I say terminates the basi-cranial axis, because the appearance of a continuation forwards of that axis by the crista galli, or upper margin of the lamina perpendicularis of the ethmoid, is altogether fallacious, depending, as it does, upon a special peculiarity of the highest Mammallan skulls, which arises from the vast development of the cerebral hemispheres. In the great majority of Mammalia below the Apes, in fact, the free edge of the lamina perpendicularis is not horizontal, but greatly inclined, or even vertical; and in these cases the whole lamina plainly appears to be, what it really always is, beyond, or anterior to, the floor of the brain-case; while the true basicranial bones are parts of the floor of the brain-case. During foetal life, the basi-sphenoid and presphenoid are united only by synchondrosis, traces of which may even be discovered (as Virchow has shown) as late as the thirteenth year, or later. Even before birth the two bones become anchylosed superiorly, their junction being marked by the tuberculum selle, and the remains of the synchondrosis extend obliquely from this spot downwards and forwards to the point e' on the under surface of the axis, where its cartilage becomes continuous with the osseo-cartilaginous internasal septum. It is this osseo-cartilaginous septum between the two nasal cavities, the upper free edge of which constitutes the crista galli, while the lower free edge supports the septum narium, which constitutes the basi-facial axis. All the upper and middle part of this septum is formed by a thin osseous plate, the lamina perpendicularis of human anatomy, or true Ethmoid (Eth.), which abuts, in front, upon the frontal and nasal bones; behind, upon the presphenoid; and below, upon a rod-like mass of cartilage, which becomes connected with the septum narium and the premaxillary bones anteriorly and inferiorly, and is obliterated with age. The inferior and posterior part of the septum is constituted by a bone with a gutter-like upper and anterior boundary, which embraces the whole rounded inferior and posterior edge of the cartilage in question, and thus extends from the under surface of the basi-sphenoid, posteriorly and superiorly, to the middle of the roof of the bony palate anteriorly and inferiorly. This bone is the Vomer (Vo.). Thus there are three bones in the basi cranial axis,-the basi-occipital, basi-sphenoid, and presphenoid; and there are two bones in the basi-facial axis,-the ethmoid and the vomer; and the essential difference between these two sets of bones is, that the former constitute the middle part of the floor of the brain-case, while the latter are altogether excluded therefrom. In We may now turn to the upper arches of the skull, or those bones which form the walls and roof of the brain-case. the young skull from which the figures 6 and 7 are taken, the postero-lateral margins of the basi-occipital are united only by synchondrosis with the rest of the occipital bone. The parts of the latter which are thus united with the basioccipital, and which limit the sides of the great occipital foramen, are primitively distinct bones,-the Exoccipitals (Eo.); while the squamous part which bounds the posterior segment of the foramen is known as the Supra-occipital (So, So'). All these bones, eventually becoming anchylosed together, form the occipital bone of the human anatomist; or what we may term the first, posterior, or Occipital segment of the skull. From the sides of the basi-sphenoid, external to the lingula, two wide processes, well known as the "greater wings of the sphenoid" or Alisphenoids (AS) spring, and unite suturally with the great expanded parietal bones (Pa), which form the dome-like crown of the skull, and unite in the middle line in the sagittal suture. In this way a second, middle, or Parietal segment of the skull is distinguishable. In like manner, the presphenoid passes, on each side, into |