more than five feet in diameter, into which the hot water bubbled up through a pipe in its centre; it served for the partial ablutions of those who took the vapour-bath. It was raised about three feet six inches above the level of the pavement, on a round base, built of small pieces of stone or lava, stuccoed and coloured. In the Vatican there is a magnificent porphyry labrum, found in one of the imperial baths; and Baccius, a great modern authority on baths (see his work' De Thermis,' Venice, 1588, and Rome, 1622), speaks of labra made of glass. This apartment, like the others, is highly enriched. The hot bath (42) on the plan, occupied the whole end of the room opposite the laconicum and next to the furnace. It was four feet four inches long, and one foot eight inches deep, constructed entirely of marble, with only one pipe to introduce the water, and was elevated two steps above the floor, while a single step led down into the bath itself, forming a continuous bench round it for the convenience of the bathers.

The Romans, who, according to Vitruvius, called their vapour-baths caldaria, or sudationes concameratæ, constructed them with suspended or hollow floors, and with hollow walls communicating with the furnace, that the smoke and hot air might be spread over a large surface, and readily raise them to the required warmth. The temperature was regulated by the clypeus or bronze shield already described, which acted as a ventilator.

In the baths of Pompeii, the hollow floors are thus constructed: Upon a floor of cement, made of lime and pounded bricks, were built small brick pillars, nine inches square, and one foot seven inches high, supporting strong tiles, fifteen inches square; the pavement was laid on these tiles, and incrusted with mosaic. The hollow walls, the void spaces of which communicated with the hollow of the suspended pavement, were constructed in the following manner: Upon the walls large square tiles were fastened, by means of iron clamps. These tiles were made in a curious manner; while the clay was moist, some circular instrument was pushed through the tiles, so as to make a hole, at the same time forcing out the clay and forming a hollow projection or pipe, about three inches long, on the inside of the tile: these being made at the four corners, iron clamps passed through them, and

[Transverse Section of the Apodyterium.]

fastened them to the wall. The sides of the apartments being thus formed, were afterwards carefully stuccoed and painted. The hollow space in the walls of the bath at Pompeii reaches to the top of the cornice; but the ceilings are not hollow, as in the baths which Vitruvius described, and which he distinguishes, for that reason, by the name of concameratæ. The ceilings of the apodyterium, tepidarium, and the caldarium are arched.

The women's bath resembles very much that of the men, and differs

only in being smaller and less ornamented: for an account of it, we refer to Gell's Pompeii,' the Museo Borbonico,' and 'Pompeii' published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

Vitruvius recommends a situation for baths, which is defended from the north and north-west winds, and he says that the windows should be opposite the south, or, if the nature of the ground will not permit this, at least towards the south, because the hours of bathing among the Romans being from after mid-day till evening, those who bathed could by these windows have the advantage of the rays and the heat of the declining sun. Accordingly the baths just described have the greater part of their windows turned to the south, and are constructed in a low part of the city, where the adjoining buildings served as a protection from the north-west winds.

The baths at Rome were on a much larger scale. The public baths of Caracalla were 1500 feet in length, and 1250 in breadth: "at each end were two temples, one to Apollo, and another to Esculapius, as the tutelary deities of the place (genii tutelares), sacred to the improvement of the mind, and the care of the body; the two other temples were dedicated to the two protecting divinities of the Antonine family, Hercules and Bacchus. In the principal building were, in the first place, a grand circular vestibule, with four halls on each side, for cold, tepid, warm, and steam baths; in the centre was an immense square for exercise, when the weather was unfavourable to it in the open air; beyond it a great hall, where 1600 marble seats were placed for the convenience of the bathers; at each end of this hall were libraries. This building terminated on both sides in a court surrounded with porticoes, with an odeum for music, and in the middle a spacious basin for swimming. Round this edifice were walks shaded by rows of trees, particularly the plane; and in its front extended a gymnasium for running, wrestling, &c., in fine weather. The whole was bounded by a vast portico, opening into exhedræ or spacious halls, where the poets declaimed, and philosophers gave lectures to their auditors. This immense fabric was adorned, within and without, with pillars, stuccowork, paintings, and statues. The stucco and paintings are yet in many places perceptible. Pillars have been dug up, and some still remain amidst the ruin; while the Farnesian bull and the famous Hercules, found in one of these halls, announce the multiplicity and beauty of the statues which once adorned the Thermæ of Caracalla." (Eustace's Classical Tour,' vol. i. p. 226.) For an account of the baths of Titus and Diocletian, see the same author.

On entering these baths the bathers first proceeded to undress. They next went to the elæothesium (the oil-chamber), as it was called in Greek, or unctuarium, where they anointed themselves all over with a coarse cheap oil before they began their exercise. (Plin. xv. c. 4 & 7.) Here the finer odoriferous ointments which were used on coming out of the bath were also kept (Plin. 1. ii. Epist.' 41), and the room was so situated as to receive a considerable degree of heat. This chamber of perfumes was full of pots, like an apothecary's shop; and those who wished to anoint and perfume the body received perfumes and unguents. In the representation of a Roman bath, copied from a painting on a wall forming part of the Baths of Titus, the unctuarium, called also elæothesium, appears filled with a vast number of vases. The vases contained a great variety of perfumes and balsams. When anointed, the bathers passed into the sphæristerium, a very light and extensive apartment, in which were performed the various kinds of exercises to which this part of the baths was appropriated. (Plin. lib. i, Epist.' 101.) When its situation permitted, this apartment was exposed to the afternoon sun, otherwise it was supplied with heat from the furnace. (Plin. 1. 11. Epist.' 41.) After the exercise, they went to the adjoining warm-bath, wherein they sat and washed themselves.

The seat was below the surface of the water, and upon it they scraped themselves, or were scraped, with instruments called strigiles, which were usually made of bronze, but sometimes of iron or brass. (Martial, lib. xiv. 'Epig.' 51.) This operation was usually performed by an attendant slave. The use of the strigil is represented on a vase, found on the estate of Lucien Bonaparte at Canino. The vase is large and shallow, and painted within and without. (Vol. i. p. 183, 'Pompeii.') From the drawings on it we learn that the bathers sometimes used the strigils themselves, after which they rubbed themselves with their hands, and then were washed from head to foot, by pails or vases of water being poured over them. They were then carefully dried with cotton and linen cloths, and covered with a light shaggy mantle, called gausape. Effeminate persons had the hairs of their bodies pulled out with tweezers. When they were thoroughly dried, and their nails eut, slaves came out of the elæothesium, carrying with them little vases of alabaster, bronze, and terracotta, full of perfumed oils, with which they had their bodies anointed, by causing the oil to be slightly rubbed over every part, even to the soles of their feet. After this they resumed their clothes. On quitting the warm-bath they went into the tepidarium, and either passed very slowly through or stayed sometime in it, that they might not too suddenly expose their bodies to the atmosphere in the frigidarium; for these last rooms appear to have been used chiefly to soften the transition from the intense heat of the caldarium to the open air.

"It is probable that the Romans resorted to the baths, at the same time of the day that others were accustomed to make use of their private baths. This was generally from two o'clock in the afternoon till the dusk of the evening, at which time the baths were shut till two the next day. This practice however varied at different times. Notice was given when the baths were ready, by the ringing of a bell; the people then left the sphæristerium, and hastened to the caldarium, lest the water should cool. (Martial, lib. xiv. ' Epig.' 163.) But when bathing became more universal among the Romans, this part of the day was insufficient, and they gradually exceeded the hours that had been allotted for that purpose. Between two and three in the afternoon was, however, the most eligible time for the exercises of the palæstra. Hadrian forbade any but those who were sick to enter the public baths before two o'clock. The therma were by few emperors allowed to be continued open so late as five in the evening. Martial says, that after four o'clock they demanded a hundred quadrantes of those who bathed. This, though a hundred times the usual price, only amounted to nineteen-pence. We learn from the same author, that the baths were opened sometimes earlier than two o'clock. He says that Nero's baths were exceeding hot at twelve o'clock, and the steam of the water immoderate. (Mart. lib. x. 'Epig.' 48.) Alexander Severus, to gratify the people in their passion for bathing, not only suffered the therma to be opened before break of day, which had never been per

Coin representing the Baths of Alexander Severus.

The therma were constructed at a vast expense, and principally for the use of the poorer classes, though all ranks frequented them for the sake of the various conveniences which they contained.

66

Nothing relating to the therma has more exercised the attention of the learned than the manner of supplying the great number of bathing vessels made use of in them with warm water. For, supposing each cell of Diocletian's baths large enough to contain six people, yet, even at that moderate computation, 18,000 persons might be bathing at the same time; and as no vestiges remain of any vessels in the therma, to give the least foundation for conjecturing in what manner this was performed, it has been generally referred to the same process described by Vitruvius on a similar subject.

"Baccius has more professedly treated this subject than any modern author. He imagined that the water might be derived from the castella, which he observed to be situated without the therma; but as these castella were upon a level with the therma themselves, he thinks for that reason they were obliged to make use of machines to raise the water to such a height, as he observed it to have been by the ruins of Diocletian's baths. What led Baccius into this way of thinking was the number of pipes which he saw dug up under the open area, where there had never been any buildings, all of them surrounded with flues from the hypocaustum. He therefore imagined that the water was heated on the outside of the therma; but this supposition appeared so full of difficulties, as, upon reflection, to discourage him from inquiring any further into the subject." (Cameron.) By the assistance of two sections of the castella of Antoninus, drawn by Piranesi, Cameron endeavours to show the method adopted by the Romans to heat the large bodies of water which their extensive therma must have required.

"To have a clear conception of the manner in which this was executed, it will be necessary to refer to a plate of these two sections.

"The castellum of the therma of Antoninus Caracalla was supplied with water by the aqueduct of Antoninus. Two of the arches of this aqueduct are represented at A; B is a cistern which received the water from the aqueduct; c is an aperture for permitting the descent of the water from the receptacle to the chamber below; D is a receptacle with a mosaic pavement, wherein the water was exposed to the heat of the sun; E is another aperture through which the water passed into the lowest chambers placed immediately over the hypocaustum; F, the hypocaustum; oo, doors for introducing the fuel. A transverse section through the middle of the same castellum is given at H.

much have counteracted the purposes to which the receptacle was applied, nothing contributing so much as tranquillity in the water to acquire all the advantages from the influence of the sun its situation would permit. When there was no efflux from the inferior chambers, there could be no demands for water from the receptacle, which would have been liable to overflow were there not an aperture in the side of the cistern, through which the water ran off in different directions from that which was used for bathing. During all this time the water in the receptacle would be in the most perfect state of rest. The cistern, therefore, answered two material purposes, as it prevented any agitation in the water of the receptacle, and likewise carried off what was superfluous. The twenty-eight vaulted chambers, placed immediately over the hypocaustum, would now begin to be heated, which heat they would acquire so much the quicker, as only one of them had any communication with the external air by the apertures c and E. They therefore evidently were constructed upon the same principle as Papinius's digester, the strength of the walls and of the roof being sufficient to resist the force of the rarefaction of the air in the water, and consequently to prevent any loss from evaporation. Flues were still necessary to give the water a heat sufficient for bathing. The arched chambers were also suppled with flues, NN, from the hypocaustum, and served as a reservoir of tepid water for those below. The water they received was likewise heated by the sun. When the time for bathing was come, the cocks were turned to admit the hot water from the lower chambers into the labra of the baths, to which it would run with great velocity, and ascend a perpendicular height in the therma, equal to the surface of the receptacle in the castellum. The current would be accelerated by the great tendency the water would have to expand itself after having been confined in the chambers. The pressure of the column of tepid water was equal to, if not greater than the diameter of the column of hot water which ran out from the chambers below. To prevent the water cooling as it passed through the tubes underground, they were all carefully surrounded with flues from the præfurnium, so that these tubes were in the centre of a funnel, and always considerably heated before the water entered them. Each of these chambers was, within the walls, 49 feet 6 inches long, by 27 feet 6 inches wide, and about 30 feet high; the number of superficial feet in the bottom of the rooms being 38,115. If we allow 30 feet for the mean height, the whole quantity of water in these lower rooms will amount to 1,143,450 cubic feet, and the like quantity must be allowed for the upper rooms; allowing, therefore, 8 cubic feet of warm water as sufficient for one man to bathe in, and that water preserved in a bathing heat in the labrum half an hour, the whole consumption of hot water in this given time, for 18,000 people, would be 144,000 cubic feet. By this calculation there would be a sufficient quantity of water for three hours, or until five in the evening, for 108,000 people. The water, however, would gradually cool as it flowed in from the higher chambers.

"We have no intimation from the ancients when they first fell upon this expedient for heating such large bodies of water, whether it was the invention of the Romans or brought from the East. We may reasonably suppose, that as it was not necessary before the public warm-baths were built in Rome, it was not more ancient than the time of Augustus, in whose reign we are told by Dion Cassius (lib. lv.) that Mecenas first instituted a swimming-bath of warm water, or a calida piscina." (Cameron.)

But few Roman citizens in easy circumstances were without the luxury of a private bath, which was varied in construction according to the taste or prodigality of the owner. "Amongst many articles of luxury for which Pliny censures the ladies of his time, he takes notice of their bathing-rooms being paved with silver. Even the metal flues of the hypocaustum were gilt." (See Cameron On Roman Baths.' For an account of the private baths, see' Pompeii,' vol. i. p. 199.) The Persian manner of bathing, as described by Sir. R. Ker Porter, is in some respects not unlike that adopted by the ancient Romans. The Russian baths, as used by the common people, bear a close resemblance to the laconicum of the Romans. (See Tooke's 'Russia;' and BATHING.)

Ancient Roman baths have been found in several of the Roman villas in England; that at Northleigh in Oxfordshire, near Blenheim, is the most perfect. (See the account of the villa at Northleigh, Oxfordshire, by Mr. Hakewill.) Baths have been discovered also at Wroxeter in Shropshire, near Arundel in Sussex, and elsewhere. In the former, the suspended pavement was very perfect; in the centre of a chamber in that near Arundel is an octagonal bath sunk in the floor, the pulvinus of which is quite perfect. There are also some curious Roman baths at Vallogne in Normandy.

(Montfaucon, Antiq. t. iii. pl. 2; Cameron's Roman Baths; Gell's Pompeii; Museo Borbonico, vol. ii.; Pompeii, by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; Eustace's Classical Tour; Becker's Gallus, vol. ii.)

BATH, KNIGHTS OF THE, so called from the ancient custom of bathing previous to their installation. The origin of this order of knighthood has been described as of very remote antiquity; but as Camden and Selden agree that the first mention of an order of knights, distinctly called Knights of the Bath, is at the coronation of Henry IV. in 1399, there can be little doubt that this order was then instituted. That bathing had been a part of the discipline submitted to by

esquires in order to obtain the honour of knighthood from very early times, is admitted; but it does not appear that any knights were called Knights of the Bath, till these were created by King Henry IV. Froissart (see Lord Berners's 'Translat.,' edit. 1812, vol. ii. p. 752), speaking of that king, says :-"The Saturday before his coronation he departed from Westminster, and rode to the Tower of London with a great number; and that night all such esquires as should be made knights the next day, watched, who were to the number of forty-six. Every esquire had his own bayne [bath] by himself; and the next day | the Duke of Lancaster made them all knights at the mass-time. Then had they long coats with strait sleeves, furred with mynever like prelates, with white laces hanging on their shoulders." It became subsequently the practice of the English kings to create Knights of the Bath previous to their coronation, at the inauguration of a Prince of Wales, at the celebration of their own nuptials or those of any of the royal family, and occasionally upon other great occasions or solemnities. Fabyan (Chron.,' edit. 1811, p. 582) says, that Henry V. on 1416, upon the taking of the town of Caën, dubbed sixteen Knights of the Bath.

Sixty-eight Knights of the Bath were made at the coronation of King Charles II. (See the list in Guillim's ' Heraldry,' fol. Lond. 1679, p. 107); but from that time the order was discontinued, till it was revived by King George I., under writ of Privy Seal, dated May 25, 1725, during the administration of Sir Robert Walpole. The statutes and ordinances of the order bear date May 23, 1725; and by them the constitution of the order, with the rites and ceremonies of the order, more particularly that of bathing, were entirely changed. By these it was directed that the order should consist of a grand master and thirty-five knights, a succession of whom was to be regularly continued. The order, besides the grand-master, are the dean, the genealogist and Blanc Coursier herald, the Bath king-at-arms, the registrar and secretary, the gentleman-usher of the scarlet-rod and Brunswick herald, and the messenger. The dean of the collegiate church of St. Peter, Westminster, for the time being, was appointed ex officio dean of the Order of the Bath, and it was directed that the other officers should be from time to time appointed by the grandmaster.

On Jan. 2, 1815, the Prince Regent, being desirous to commemorate the auspicious termination of the long and arduous contests in which the empire had been engaged, and of marking, in an especial manner, his sense of the valour, perseverance, and devotion manifested by the officers of the king's forces by sea and land, directed that the order should consist of three classes; and on April 14, 1847, it was further enlarged by the constitution of it as a civil order.

The first class consists of knights grand cross, which designation was substituted for that of knights companions previously used. The knights grand cross, with the exception of the sovereign, princes of the blood-royal, and distinguished foreigners,-who may hold rank as honorary knights,- —are not to exceed fifty for the military service, and twenty-five for the civil service.

The second class is composed of knights commanders, who have precedence of all knights bachelors of the United Kingdom: the number, for the military service, not to exceed one hundred and two, exclusive of foreign officers, who may be admitted into the second class as honorary knight commanders, or fifty for the civil service: but in the event of actions of signal distinction, or of future wars, the number of knights commanders may be increased.

The third class is composed of officers holding commissions in Her Majesty's service by sea or land, to the number of five hundred and twenty-five, and for the civil service of two hundred, who are styled Companions of the said Order, to take precedence and place of all esquires of the United Kingdom. No officer to be nominated a Companion of the Order, unless he shall have been specially mentioned by name in despatches published in the London Gazette' as having distinguished himself.

The badge of the order for the military classes is a gold Maltese cross of eight points, enamelled argent, in each of the four angles a lion passant guardant or; in the centre the rose, thistle, and shamrock issue from a sceptre between three imperial crowns, surrounded by the motto "Tria juncta in uno." Within a circle gules, surrounded by two branches of laurel proper, issuing from an escrol argent, inscribed "Ich dien," in gold letters. It is worn by grand crosses pendant from a red ribbon across the right shoulder; by knights-commanders pendant from the neck; and by companions at the buttonhole.

The collar is of gold, weighing 30 ounces troy, composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight roses, thistles, and shamrocks, issuing from a sceptre, enamelled in their proper colours, tied or linked together by seventeen gold knots, enamelled white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it.

The star is formed by a gold Maltese cross, around which are rays of silver, and in the centre, within the motto, are branches of laurel, issuant as in the badge. That of the knights-commanders is in the form of a cross patée argent, with the centre as in that of the grand crosses, but without the Maltese cross or thereon.

The civil Knights Grand Crosses bear the old badge and star of the Order. The badge is of gold, and consists of a rose, thistle, and shamrock, issuing from a sceptre between three imperial crowns, encircled

We shall treat first of the cold-bath, as applied to the whole surface of the body. A healthy person upon entering a cold-bath experiences a sensation of cold, followed by slight shuddering, and if the immersion has been sudden, a peculiar impression on the nervous system, called a shock. The skin becomes cooler and paler, the respiration hurried and irregular, the action of the kidneys increases and the bladder contracts. In a few moments the colour and warmth return to the skin, and a glow is felt, especially if assisted by rubbing the surface. If the person remains more than five or ten minutes in the bath, the glow disappears, and paleness returns, which again gives place, though less quickly and perfectly, to a renewed glow. During the existence of the primary action of the cold, the bulk of the whole body, but especially of the more contractile parts, diminishes. Should the stay in the water be greatly prolonged, no reaction ensues, but a general feeling of chilliness prevails, with quick feeble pulse, convulsive breathing, cramps of the limbs, or fainting. If the person quit the bath after the few first minutes, as in prudence he should, the blood returns to the surface, accompanied with a sensation of pricking, itching, and sometimes throbbing of the arteries: the elasticity of the muscles being increased, more animal power is felt, accompanied with a general feeling of enjoyment. Very young or feeble individuals are either incapable of bearing the shock, or the re-action is so slight that they cannot endure to stay in the bath beyond a very short time. If they unwisely stay or are held in the bath longer than one or two minutes, the heat never regains its proper height, the extremities remain contracted, and they, as well as the lips, nose, &c., are of a livid hue. In such cases, either artificial means must be used to bring about reaction, or the bath must be relinquished, as improper for such persons, as we shall show at a future part of our observations.

The phenomena just described generally accompany cold bathing; and it is clear that we can recognise in them a series of three or even four distinct actions: namely, 1st, the shock; 2nd, the cooling effect; 3rd, the contraction or astringent effect; and 4th, the re-action. Coldbathing may be employed therefore in such a way as to insure the predominance of one action over any of the rest, according to circumstances, where all are not desired. They vary with the degree of cold and the suddenness of the application, as well as from the body being plunged into the water, or the water dashed against the body. Where the shock, as a stimulus to the nervous system, is desired, the water should be very cold, and where practicable should be dashed against the body, or, if the contrary, the stay in the bath should be momentary. This mode of using it may be either general or local. It has been employed generally that is, the whole body exposed to the action of the waterin mania, with occasional success, and in the early stage of the common continued fever (under certain regulations, for which see Currie's 'Medical Reports'), sometimes with great success, cutting short the train of morbid actions which constitute the fever. It has been employed also in nervous affections, accompanied with a convulsive action, or deficient action of the muscular system, as in hysteria, in lock jaw (see Paper by Dr. Wright, London Medical Observations and Inquiries,' vol. vi. p. 143): in some cases of obstinate constipation, dashing cold water on the person, or the cold bath frequently repeated, has been of great service.

Its stimulating effect is sometimes best procured by a local application, in the form of a stream of water falling on the head, from a considerable height. The simplest example of this is the common practice of sprinkling the face with cold water in case of a tendency to faint; and in many diseases of the most dangerous character it is a remedy superior to any other. It is called the cold dash, or douche, or douse, and is beneficially employed in fever, particularly when the brain continues the seat of inordinate action of the blood-vessels, after depletion has been carried as far as prudence will allow. (See the instructive case of Dr. Dill in Dr. Southwood Smith's Treatise on Fever,' p. 398). It requires to be used with the greatest caution. Also in the state of stupor or coma which occurs in the last stage of hydrocephalus acutus, or water in the brain, it often succeeds in rescuing the patient from imminent danger. (See Abercrombie, On Diseases of the Brain,' first edit. 1828, p. 157.) Its utility is well known in the East in rousing drunken soldiers from their stupor so effectually as to enable them to rise up and appear immediately on parade. In the melancholy and mania which overtake habitual drunkards it is of great efficacy, and also in cases of loss of nervous power from excessive mental exertion. In apoplectic stupor it has also been very advantageously employed. In the sinking stage of croup, when all other remedies have failed, cold affusion has sometimes restored the functions of life to new action.

The cooling or refrigerating effect of cold bathing is most desired in diseases where the animal heat rises above the proper standard, as in fevers, both continued and eruptive, especially scarlet fever; also in

some local inflammations, particularly of the brain. For the principles which should regulate our practice in this application we must refer to Dr. Currie and other writers, only remarking that, in the hot and res less stage of scarlet fever, when the heat is steadily above the natural standard, the skin hot and dry, and neither sleep nor perspiration can be procured, a plunge into cold water will be followed by both, to the relief and often recovery of the patient. (See Bateman 'On Cutaneou Diseases,' edit. 1829, p. 120.) In applying cold locally, as in infam mation of the brain, one rule is of the utmost importance to be observed, namely, that the application of the cold shall be continuous; therefore a second set of cold cloths or bags of ice should be applied before the former has become warm. This plan, especially pursued during the night, along with judicious internal treatment, will save many children from perishing under the most insidious and fatal disease of childhood-water in the brain.

The cases already mentioned are mostly acute diseases, where the cold affusion is employed to avert an imminent but temporary danga. It is generally in chronic diseases that the cold bath is employed for a length of time, and in these it is chiefly the secondary effect, the gov or reaction, which is desired. The rules to be observed in order to obtain this effect are founded upon the strength, which is generally inferred from the age, of the individual. The degree of reaction is for the most part, dependent upon the coldness of the water and the length of time the person remains in the bath. Very cold water, in which the person remains but a short time, will in general produce a greater degree of re-action than a more moderate temperature in which he remains longer. But here everything depends upon the general power of the individual, the state of the system, especially f the skin at the moment of immersion, and the nature of the bath, according as it is fresh or salt water, and also the season of the year. As the immersion of infants and young children in tubs of water must be considered as bathing, we deem it necessary here to explain the principles upon which the temperature of the bath for them should be regulated, especially during winter. The experiments of Dr. Edwards (see Edwards 'On the Influence of Physical Agents on Life,' Londen, 1832) have proved that "the power of producing heat in warm-blooded animals is at its minimum at birth, and increases successively to adelt og" It is clear therefore that water of a higher temperature than what feels cool to the hand of the nurse should be used, particularly in winter, when the power of regaining a proper degree of heat is necessarily less The attempt to harden children by exposure to too great a degree of cold is of the most injurious nature; it either produces acute disease of the lungs, which are then very sensible to external impressions, or disease of the digestive organs, leading to disease of the mesenterie glands, scrofula, water in the brain, or, if they survive a few years, to early consumption. (See an illustrative instance in a young sister of Southey the poet, in vol. i., p. 28, of his 'Life,' 1st edit., 1849.) Delicate and feeble persons of all ages require a higher temperature of the bath, and a shorter stay in it than others. If the re-action does not speedily take place, means must be employed to ensure its so doing, or the use of the cold bath must be abandoned. A tepid or temperate bath may be used in the early treatment of feeble persons, and the cold bath gradually substituted for it, or a glass of wine, or, what is far preferable, strong coffee or chocolate may be taken before entering the bath. Where the arrangements are such as to admit of it, a brief stay in a warm bath before going into the cold has a good effect. Nor, in general, is danger to be apprehended from such a proceeding. Though in most cases moderate exercise is advantageous before bathing, unless the person has an opportunity of springing out of bed into the bath, still he should never think of undressing and going into the water when fatigued, or when the skin is covered with perspiration. It is a good rule to wet the head before taking the plunge. For a person in good health, early in the morning is the best time to bathe; for one more delicate, from two to three hours after breakfast is preferable; but no one should bathe immediately after a full meal, particularly if there be a tendency of blood to the head, and a disposition to apoplexy. Epileptics should rarely bathe, least of all in the sea.

Exercise while in the bath, such as friction of the limbs and chest, or swimming, is advisable, but not even this can prevent evil conse quences if the bather remain too long in the water. To say nothing of the risk of cramps and convulsive action of the respiratory muscles, from the blood being pent up in the large internal vessels, which may occur while the person is in the water, the foundation may be laid for future internal disease if the blood do not soon revisit the surface, either from the natural powers of re-action, or from friction with coarse dry cloths. Friction should follow the use of the bath in most instances, except where the bath has been in the sea, in which case the salt particles if allowed to remain in contact with the skin, stimulate it more.

The cases of disease for which cold bathing is a valuable remedy are, morbidly increased irritability and sensibility, accompanied with general debility. If the sensibility be extremely high, it is best to begin with the tepid or cool bath, and pass gradually to the cold. Where there is a tendency to colds and rheumatism, the cold bath is an excellent preventive; for this purpose it should be used continually throughout the year, and the chest should be sponged with cold water, or vinegar and water may be substituted in winter, when there are not facilities for using the complete bath. Before beginning this practice, careful