same time providing for additional support of alternative fusion technologies.

In increasing the budget by adding $8.0 million to the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) construction project for a total of $15 million, as well as adding $7 million to CIT "operating funds," the Subcommittee demonstrated its strong support for this project. However, the Subcommittee is conserned about the management of this unusually complex project.

The Committee also added $5.0 million for alternative fusion concepts at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and another $5.0 million for the Confinement Physics Research Facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Both of these alternatives offer the possibility for advancements in fusion research toward the goal of energy production.

The Continuing Resolution on Appropriations for FY 1988 did not contain additional funding for CIT, but it did include language supporting design and other activities on CIT as a line item at a level of $8 million.

(1) International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Concerns.-The Subcommittee believes that there may be some budgetary advantages to U.S. participation in an international Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Project. However, the Committee is not convinced of the cost benefits of U.S.S.R. involvement in the international Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project. This fusion device is to be the predecessor to a prototype fusion reactor and thus cooperation with the Soviets should be approached carefully so as to prevent any adverse technology transfer, particularly as regards national security.

(2) Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF).—In recognition of the advancements made in ICF, the Committee added $5.0 million to the Department of Energy's budget for a civilian applications research effort and for the Department to prepare a comprehensive program plan to carry out this effort.

The Committee recognizes that the University of Rochester, KMS Fusion, Inc., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories and the Naval Research Laboratory are all engaged in inertial confinement research activities which are relevant to civilian applications.

3.4(p)-Supporting Research and Technical Analysis

The Department's budget submission for FY 1988 for supporting research and technical analysis programs included $525.8 million for basic energy science programs, $3.8 million for energy research and analysis, $13.4 million for university research support, $5 million for university research instrumentation and $56.6 million for the multi-program energy laboratory support. The Subcommittee held hearings on March 4 and 18, 1987, primarily focusing on the basic energy sciences program, the university research support program and multi-program energy laboratories-facilities support activities. In addition to the Department of Energy witnesses, the Subcommittee received testimony from six witnesses on the basic energy sciences programs. These witnesses represented national laboratories, universities and industry representatives with direct

participation in these basic energy sciences activities. At the March 18, 1987, hearing on the multi-program laboratories, the Subcommittee received testimony from representatives of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Pacific Northwest Laboratories, the Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Of critical importance to the Subcommittee's interests were issues related to the plans for new facilities required to meet the needs of the science research programs at the laboratories over the next decade. These facilities included the one-to-two-GEV light-source at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the six-to-seven-GEV advanced-photon source at the Argonne National Laboratory and the advanced neutron source at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In addition to these major facilities, funding required to upgrade existing research facilities at several of the national laboratories was under consideration. A major new enterprise within the basic energy sciences programs was the research and development activities associated with newly discovered high-temperature superconducting materials. The basic energy sciences program is responsible for supporting fundamental research in these areas at the national laboratories. Ten million dollars were reprogrammed in FY 1987 within the material sciences and chemical sciences program elements of the basic energy sciences program to this new area.

Other issues discussed by witnesses included national laboratoryindustry cooperation in several research areas, the anticipated role of the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Subcommittee (BESAC) in determining future directions within the basic energy sciences program and the relative importance of completing construction work on the new light source facilities in order to meet the needs of the broad user community associated with such facilities. The Subcommittee also questioned whether or not witnesses anticipated that the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) would adversely compete with the construction and operation of these facilities in the basic energy sciences program. The Subcommittee estimated that budget requirements for these facilities would amount to some $3 billion over the next eight to ten years. Committee Publication Number 100-33.

(1) X-Ray Lithography Initiative.-The Subcommittee received testimony from witnesses representing industry, universities and the national laboratories on the importance of initiating a new project that would utilize the compact synchrotron light source in conjunction with advanced technology developed to fabricate high density semiconductor chips suitable for advanced applications for both military and commercial purposes. This technology has been identified as a unique opportunity for the United States to regain a leadership position in the semiconductor industry through the use of advanced technologies in x-ray light source design and the development of masking and fabricating techniques for computer circuits for dimensions of the order of .25 microns. As a result of this testimony, the Subcommittee working with the Appropriations Subcommittee and the Research and Development Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee instituted a new program initiative in x-ray lithography that would involve cooperative efforts on the part of the Department of Energy and the Department

of Defense in its doing a rapid development program. The Subcommittee's efforts led to an appropriation of $10 million within the Department of Energy for this activity as well as a $15 million within the Department of Defense for FY 1988. It is anticipated that a total of approximately $100 million will be required over the next three to five years. That would lead to this country's assuming a leadership role in world markets in the manufacturing of 64 megabyte size computer chips utilizing this new technology.

3.4(q)-General Science and Research

The general science and research program within the Department of Energy's FY 1988 budget request includes high energy physics program for which the Department requested $566.6 million and the nuclear physics program which was submitted at a $245.1 million request. These figures represented about a 13% increase over the FY 1987 appropriations for these programs. The Subcommittee held hearings on High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics programs on March 3, 1987. Witnesses from the Department of Energy, the FERMI National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Department of Energy's High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP) provided testimony before the Subcommittee on high energy physics programs. In the nuclear physics area, witnesses representing the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Department of Energy's Nuclear Sciences Advisory Subcommittee (NUSAC) testified before the Subcommittee. Witnesses testified as to the adequacy of the existing funding levels to maintain operation of the major facilities in high energy physics program. These include the TEVATRON at the FERMI National Accelerator Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Collider at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The testimony was also centered on the proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), and its potential impact on the future funding picture for high energy physics. The Subcommittee was impressed by the unanimous support for the SSC exhibited by the high energy physics community. However, the Subcommittee expressed concern that operating funds for existing accelerator facilities at FERMI Lab and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center should not be jeopardized by the impending funding levels required to build and operate the SSC.

The Subcommittee's concern that the Department funding request for the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) was 50% below that required in order to meet realistic construction levels. As the CEBAF cost estimates had already escalated from $236 million to $255 million primarily as a result of schedule delays, the Subcommittee was concerned that inappropriate funding levels for this project would significantly delay its completion while continuing to increase its costs. In addition, the Subcommittee received testimony on the need for a new facility in heavy ion research in the nuclear physics program. This facility, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is to be constructed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The Department's FY 1988 funding request for this project was estimated to be approximately

$4.1 million below that needed to maintain a realistic construction schedule for the project. The witnesses expressed the view that this new facility was critical to the development of the nuclear physics program in this country. The Subcommittee has expressed its concern that the Department has not given this project the priority necessary to assure its timely implementation by the early 1990's. Subsequent Subcommittee action involved reprogramming and redirecting funds within the nuclear physics as well as the high energy physics programs in order to accommodate priority needs and facilities operations and major construction activities. Committee Publication Number 100-39.

(1) Superconducting Super Collider (SSC).-The Subcommittee did not explicitly consider the issue of SSC funding for which DOE had requested $35 million within the budget for High Energy Physics. The Subcommittee implicitly recommended $35 million for the SSC but with only $20 million being redirected within the High Energy Physics program and $15 million being provided in new funding. The Subcommittee rationale was that if SSC is not impacted by other science activities (e.g., TEVATRON and SLC) in FY 1988, "new" money must be provided, and the Administration had committed to that approach. The Subcommittee recommended providing additional funds for TEVATRON and SLC operations.

H.R. 3228, a bill to authorize appropriations for the SSC program was introduced in August, 1987. As amended by the Committee, $35 million was provided for the SSC program in FY 1988.

3.4(r)-Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future

On September 23, 1987, the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development held a hearing on hydrogen as a future energy fuel. Hydrogen can be a strong energy link between various energy-consuming options such as coal or nuclear energy sources. It can also be a medium for storage and transmission of energy. However, since hydrogen is nearly non-existent in its free state, it must be produced by using a primary source of energy such as gas, oil or coal. Present production methods are expensive and cannot currently compete economically with other, more readily available fuels. Therefore, a crucial problem to be resolved before the widespread use of hydrogen occurs is the development of a method of production which will significantly reduce production costs.

The hearing focused on how current methods of hydrogen production might be improved and what the expected production costs must be to allow hydrogen to be economically competitive, i.e., a viable energy option.

Testimony was received from government agencies, academia and industry. In addition, testimony was received from Congressman George E. Brown, Jr., and Senator "Spark" M. Matsunaga, sponsors of H.R. 2541 and S. 1296, respectively, the Hydrogen Research and Development Act. The legislation, if enacted, would establish a comprehensive hydrogen research program managed by the Department of Energy and NASA.

Testimony focused on the status of hydrogen production methods using fossil fuels and renewable energy. Witnesses emphasized the beneficial environmental aspects of hydrogen use as compared to

burning fossil fuels, with regard to ozone depletion and acid rain

concerns.

3.4(s)-High Temperature Superconductivity

The Subcommittee held a hearing on October 20, 1987, to review the status and development in the area of research on high temperature superconducting materials and their potential applications. The purpose of the hearing was to address four specific questions which were delineated by the Chairman:

1. What is the status of research in these new materials?

2. How does our knowledge of these new materials compare to that of our international competitors?

3. Are the institutional arrangements presently operating within the national laboratories, universities and the private sector adequate to do the job, or are legislative initiatives required?

4. And if so, which would be the critical elements of such legislation?

Eighteen witnesses representing government, industry and academia addressed these four questions and provided insights into how Congress may wish to proceed in the area of superconductivity.

3.4(t)-Geosciences

On July 15 and 16, 1987, the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development held hearings on Geosciences research for energy resources. The major energy problem which still confronts the United States is a domestic liquid hydrocarbon shortage which threatens the nation's long-term energy security and international competitiveness. Addressing these concerns, the Energy Research Advisory Board (ERAB) prepared a report for the Department of Energy in February, 1987, entitled, "Geoscience Research for Energy Security."

The focus of the hearings was to review the federal programs in Geosciences research, to examine recommendations for research priorities, and to review funding levels and possible organizational and policy changes necessary within the DOE. The ERAB report and recommendations were also discussed.

Testimony was received from government agencies, national laboratories, academia and industry. While there were differing views of the focus of the research and development, it was agreed that a strong geoscience research program at this time would enhance our ability to meet future oil and gas production needs.

The ERAB report cited four basic needs of a comprehensive geosciences research program:

1. Shorter-term (or new) focus on oil and gas exploration and production technologies should receive priority.

2. Establishment of an Office of Geosciences Research.

3. Establishment of six regional oil and gas research centers. 4. Increased funding for the recommended activities to an overall level of $50 million.

Several recommendations came out of the hearings which the Subcommittee will address in future budget deliberations.