interest to the Committee are protective measures against debris damage currently being explored for major missions such as Space Station, Space and Space Telescope, as well as solutions proposed by government agencies and experts to minimize the future growth of the debris population.

The following witnesses participated in this hearing: Joseph Mahon, Deputy Associate Administrator for Flight Systems, Office of Space Flight, NASA; Philip Kunsberg, Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Department of Defense; Michel Michaud, Director, Office of Advanced Technology, Department of State; Courtney Stadd, Director, Office of Commercial Space Transportation, Department of Transportation; Neil Hosenball, Counsel, Davis, Graham and Stubbs; Nicholas Johnson, Teledyne Brown Engineering Corporation.

The hearing concluded that continued space activity will lead to an unacceptable burden of low-Earth orbital space debris unless specific measures are taken by all space faring nations to ameliorate the problem. Near term needs for characterization of the debris burden between 1 and 10 cm may necessitate certain measurement programs such as high resolution radar techniques. Committee Publication Number 100-112.

3.6(n)-To Establish a National Mars Commission (H.R. 3558) Background and Summary of Legislation

H.R. 3858 would create a commission of eight members who would be appointed by the Speaker of the House, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the President. Six months after enactment of the legislation, the National Mars Commission would send its first joint Mars mission plan to the President and the Congress. In its plan, the Commission would also suggest strategies for avoiding the unwanted exchange of each nation's highly-developed technologies and it would include plans for joint unmanned Mars projects that could lead, ultimately, to a manned mission.

Legislative History

H.R. 3858 was introduced by Congressman Robert G. Torricelli of New Jersey on January 25, 1988. It was jointly referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and Foreign Affairs. On March 8, 1988, Mr. Torricelli testified before the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications on legislation to create a National Mars Commission. The Commission would prepare a plan for a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. manned mission to Mars. A related bill, S. 2142, was introduced in the Senate by Senator Harkin. On May 4, 1988, the Subcommittee considered H.R. 3858, and incorporated it into H.R. 4561, as section 207. The provisions of H.R. 3858 were enacted as P.L. 100-685.

3.6(0)-Space Settlement Act of 1988 (H.R. 4218)

To require the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to investigate and promote the development of human settlements in space, and for other purposes.

Background and Summary of Legislation

H.R. 4218 would amend the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 to include the following paragraph:

The Congress declares that the extension of human life beyond Earth's atmosphere for the purposes of advancing science, exploration, and development will enhance the general welfare on Earth and that such extension will eventually lead to the establishment of space settlements for the greater fulfillment of those purposes.

This bill would require the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to obtain, produce, and provide information relating to all issues important for the development and establishments of space settlements. These activities would be performed in close cooperation with other agencies, the private sector, academia, and the international community. This legislation also calls for NASA to prepare a report every two years for the Congress and the White House on various issues relating to the establishment of space settlements, including technology needs, techniques for remote resource utilization, site options, architecture options, economic models for financing, mechanisms for international cooperation and sociological issues.

Legislative History

H.R. 4218 was introduced by Congressman George E. Brown, Jr. of California on March 22, 1988, and was referred to the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications on March 25, 1988. On May 4, 1988, the Subcommittee considered the measure, deciding to incorporate its provisions into H.R. 4561, the Multiyear National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act, as Section 105. Subsequently, H.R. 4561, as amended, was enacted as P.L. 100-685 (S. 2209).

3.6(p)-John C. Stennis Space Center (H.R. 4560/Executive Order

12541)

To designate the National Space Technology Laboratories in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, as the "John C. Stennis Space Center."

Background and Summary of Legislation

The National Space Technology Laboratories of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, is designated as the "John C. Stennis Space Center." Any reference to any law, regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to such laboratories shall be deemed to be a reference to the John C. Stennis Space Center.

Legislative History

H.R. 4560 was referred to the Committee on May 10, 1988, and subsequently referred to the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications on May 13, 1988. On May 20, 1988, the provisions of H.R. 4560 were instituted by Executive Order 12641 (Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, May 23, 1988.) A similar provision was also included in S. 2209, the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration Authorization, as agreed to by the House on October 19, 1988.

3.7-SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION

3.7(a)-Hearings on the Future of the Landsat System

The Subcommittee on International Scientific Cooperation held joint hearings with the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment on March 31 and April 2, 1987, on the Future of the Landsat System.

A description of these hearings appears under the Oversight, Investigations and Other Activities of the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment [Chapter III, Section 3.3(c)]. Committee Publication Number 100-4.

3.7(b) International Cooperation on the Superconducting Super Collider

One of more important considerations in ascertaining the total cost of the proposed Superconducting Super Collider is the extent of possible foreign interest in participation in the project. The Subcommittee was concerned that the Administration's effort to formally extend opportunities to participate in the project might occur too late for the Congress to consider the impact of any participation in its funding decision. Furthermore, there was concern about the lack of possible interagency coordination and review of the forms and levels of possible foreign participation, particularly in light of similar problems that arose recently in connection with the Space Station negotiations.

The purpose of the hearing on May 7, 1987, was to review the Department of Energy's activities to date in assessing interest in foreign participation. The witness was George J. Bradley, Jr., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Energy Emergencies. Mr. Bradley outlined the process and the timetable for conducting the Department's assessment and the mechanisms to be used for involvement of relevant federal agencies and the scientific community.

As a result of these hearings, Mr. Hall and Mr. Sensenbrenner jointly introduced H.R. 3463 on October 9, 1987. The bill would direct the Department of Energy to report to Congress by February 15, 1988, on the likely extent and nature of foreign participation in the SSC and would facilitate the interagency process necessary to balance costs and benefits of such foreign participation. The text of H.R. 3463 was incorporated in the SSC authorization bill (H.R. 3228) which passed the Committee on October 15, 1987. Committee Publication Number 100-17.

3.7(c)-Hearings to Examine United States-Soviet Science and

Technology Exchanges

U.S.-Soviet Science and Technology (S&T) exchanges have waxed and waned over the past twenty-five years in response to changes in the larger diplomatic relationship. The current S&T relationship appears to be growing moderately, with U.S. participation on a specific project subject to a careful balancing of the costs, such as tech

nology transfer, and benefits, such as access to Soviet institutions associated with cooperation.

The Subcommittee held two days of hearings on June 23 and 25, 1987. The first day focused on goals, policy objectives, and costs and benefits of U.S.-Soviet S&T cooperation. The second day focused on the interagency process used in reaching decisions on three proposed cooperative projects: 1) U.S.-Soviet Space Cooperation (approved in April, 1987); 2) NSF funding of projects conducted by the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (rejected in early 1987); 3) Soviet participation in NSF's Ocean Drilling Program (rejected in 1987 after being approved in 1986). Witnesses from the Departments of State, Defense, National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Academy of Sciences, and technical experts involved in the proposed activities testified.

One result of these hearings, is that the House-passed version of H.R. 3100 (the International Development Cooperation Act of 1987) contains Section 1503, which requires the Comptroller General to report to the Congress on the methods and procedures used to evaluate the effectiveness of current interagency arrangements to review agreements between controlled countries and federal agencies which involve the exchange or transfer of military scientific or technological information. The Committee worked with the Foreign Relations Committee to craft an acceptable substitute amendment that would alleviate concerns that the original amendment was overly broad and could lead to review requirements that would affect all university agreements with foreign institutions. Committee Publication Number 100-26.

3.7(d)—Hearing on Global Prospects for U.S. Coal and Coal

Technologies

The Subcommittee on International Scientific Cooperation conducted joint hearings with the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development on July 21 and July 23, 1987, on Global Prospects for U.S. Coal and Coal Technologies.

A description of the proceedings of these hearings appears in the Oversight, Investigations and Other Activities of the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development [Chapter III, Section 3.4(v)]. Committee Publication Number 100-40.

3.7(e)-Global Climate Change

The international scientific community and several U.S. federal agencies are embarking on major, comprehensive programs to better understand man's effects on the global environment. These approaches-whether called the Global Change Program, International Geosphere/Biosphere Program, Climate and Global Change, Global Geosciences, or Earth Systems Sciences-are all directed at understanding the Earth on a global scale by describing how its component parts interact, evolve, and function. The program is a response to the realization that the global environment is changing at an unprecedented pace as a result of man's activities, and that the causes and effects of these changes are poorly understood. It is clear that close cooperation between nations and between interna

tional scientific organizations will be required for the Global Change Program to be truly effective.

On July 29, 1987, the Subcommittee on International Scientific Cooperation convened hearings on international aspects of the "Global Change" program. These hearings reviewed the conclusions of a meeting held earlier in the month by a new international scientific body-the Global Change Committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). Participating in the hearings were three Soviet scientists (two of whom are Members of the ICSU panel), who presented the view of the Soviet Academy of Sciences on the need for an enhanced Global Change Program.

On September 30, 1987, the Subcommittee on International Scientific Cooperation and the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment convened joint hearings on proposed federal research programs on Global Change. Witnesses from NASA, NOAA, NSF, DOE, EPA, and the State Department testified on planned and ongoing agency programs in Global Change. Draft legislation promoting national and international coordination of the programs was also considered at the hearing. Committee Publication Number 100--.

3.7(f)-United States-Latin American Cooperation in Science and Technology

Background

The United States has a long history of cooperative programs in science and technology with Latin America. Following a period of bilateral technical assistance prior to 1940, formal cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America in science and technology evolved through efforts of the Organization of American States (OAS), the Agency for International Development (AID), the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB), and many bilateral and multilateral agreements.

In August 1986, the Department of State submitted a report entitled, "Inter-American Science and Technology Cooperation" to Congress as required by an amendment introduced by Congressman Manuel Lujan, Jr. (R-NM) to the 1986-87 Foreign Relations Authorization Act. The report examined past and present Inter-American space, science, and technology cooperation and made recommendations concerning the future of science and technology cooperation in Inter-American relations.

While recognizing the importance of science and technology in U.S. and Latin American relations, the State Department report recommended against a major initiative on both political and economic grounds. The severe economic pressures facing Latin American countries places constraints on the amount of resources available for undertaking joint science and technology projects. The report placed primary reliance for technical cooperation in Latin America on the shoulders of the private sector. However, many U.S. companies are hestitant to locate in Latin America without adequate protection of U.S. intellectual property rights.