It is an error to suppose that Havelock was singular in his religious character; the English army has had many distinguished Christians among its officers-such as Captain Hedley Vicars, Col. Gardiner, General Burns, the Lawrences, Nicholsons, Edwards, etc. He differed from many others only in the boldness of his course, and the public manner in which he showed his faith and devotion. As the prominent position his name at present occupies is that of a great commander, the tracing of his military career should be the chief object of his biographer. Only a small portion of his correspondence is inserted, and that simply to illustrate his private social character. So also many facts relating to his religious course are omitted, because they would be a mere repetition of what has already been given, and belong more especially to a strictly Christian biography. His religious character is, however, fully brought out.

It may be thought that I have dwelt with unnecessary length on those campaigns in which Havelock acted only in a subordinate capacity; but to understand a man's character it is necessary to trace the events and scenes in which he has been educated. Havelock's military greatness was not the growth of an hour,

but the result of severe study and long service in the field. I have given the main outlines of the Afghan campaign, because, in the first place, Havelock, although only a staff officer during its progress, did more than any commander towards saving it from ending in total disgrace, and in the second place, in its length, and in the varied events and scenes that marked its passage, there seems to be the type of which the siege and relief of Lucknow are the antitype. Not only did this campaign lay the foundation of Havelock's future greatness, but one, in tracing its progress, can see the hand of Providence preparing the Christian soldier for those trying scenes amid which his life closed. On these accounts I have deemed it important to enter more into detail of the Afghan campaign than at first sight would seem necessary.

My personal views or prejudices respecting the course of the East India Company, from its first aggressive movements until now, I have endeavored to keep in abeyance as having no place in a work of this kind. The invasion of Afghanistan and the annexation of Oude are the only two events of which I have spoken with severity. Of the first, my severest language has been quotations from English histo

rians, who are regarded in Great Britain as standard authority. In condemnation of the last, I have but reiterated the sentiments of the best and wisest statesmen of England.

In contemplating the life of Havelock, many are troubled at the outset to reconcile his military and Christian profession. I have touched on this point in the body of the memoir, but since it was written, my attention has been called to an interesting work entitled "The Higher Christian Life," by the Rev. Mr. Boardman, in which he takes up the question, "Can any man be a whole-hearted Christian and yet a military man ?" He meets it frankly, and those who will take the trouble to refer to his arguments, will be surprised to find how much their views have grown out of a mere feeling which a little reflection would have changed. I have not space for his able discussion of this question, but the main points are the first Gentile to whom the Gospel was preached was a Roman military officer, Cornelius, who is commended as a devout and prayerful man. It was of a centurion, too, that Christ said, "I have not found so great faith-no, not in Israel." He says, moreover, that the army and navy are simply a "national police, in principle just what the civic police is to the

city, and the sheriffalty and constabulary are to the country." That it is right to have a police on the high seas to protect commerce from pirates, and one on the land to defend the frontiers from invasion, no one will deny. He says that when the necessity of a navy and army is admitted, the whole question is settled; for whatever is necessary for the protection and conservation of good government, it is proper for good men to engage in. He might have added, that if a military profession is inconsistent with Christian character, then the first duty of chaplains in the navy and army is to preach desertion. If they cannot be constant Christians and follow their calling, it is manifestly the duty of officers to resign, and men to desert, for the claims of God are above all other obligations. The seamen of the North Carolina, who shared so largely in the religious movement in New York, the past year, would not place a high estimation on the Christian teacher who should inculcate such doctrines. No one believes those converted sailors would be less efficient in the hour of action because they have become conscientious religious men.

It is impossible to give all the authorities to which I have been indebted in compiling this memoir. With regard to the various cam

paigns in which Havelock was engaged during his long service, I have consulted not only every work that has been published, but the official papers issued in India. I am indebted, also, to the standard papers and periodicals of England. I am under especial obligations to Blackwood's invaluable magazine for matter relating to the campaign in the Punjaub.

Dr. Kaye's valuable work on the war in Afghanistan I found to fill an important hiatus in my materials relating to the closing scenes of that event. In two of the most important of Havelock's earlier campaigns, I have made use almost entirely of Havelock's own journals and accounts. One of these, written in his youth, his own family did not possess, and it was obtained only by rare good fortune even in India, and through a gentleman of high position in Calcutta.

In writing the history of the last campaign of Havelock, I have made use of all the authentic accounts published in England, embracing various diaries by ladies, and officers, and civilians. For the incidents connected with Havelock's boyhood I am indebted entirely to the able and highly interesting sketch of his religious character by Rev. Mr. Brock. After having exhausted all these sources of in