But this 25 cubic feet issues with a velocity of 127.2 feet. Multiplied together, it shows an effective force, or momentum, of 3,180 cubic feet moving at the rate of 1 foot per second. As each cubic foot of water weighs 621⁄2 pounds, the above result is equivalent to 198,750 pounds, moving 1 foot per second. This is what is meant by foot pounds.

A horse-power is equal to 33,000 foot pounds per minute, or 550 per second. Therefore, dividing 198,750 by 550, we have 461 horse-power.

may

The force of soft substances, when thrown with great velocity, almost exceeds belief. A gun wadding be made to perforate a plank. An injector has been invented (by a Mr. Jeffards, I believe) for injecting water into a locomotive boiler, in which the pressure often exceeds 100 pounds to the square inch; and yet, by this instrument, a small, swift stream of water is injected into the boiler with perfect ease. I can well believe all that you say with regard to the tremendous force of streams issuing from the pipes of the miners under a large head of water. Of course they would produce instant death if directed against a man standing near, and would probably cut his body in two.

Yours sincerely,

(Signed) JOSEPH P. BRADLEY.

RELIGIOUS AND MORAL.

JUDGE BRADLEY ON RELIGION IN THE CONSTITUTION.

Among the letters received by Rev. Mr. McAlister, Secretary of the Association which recently held a convention in Cincinnati for the purpose of urging an amendment to the Constitution, which shall acknowledge God, was the following from Judge Bradley, of the U. S. Supreme Court. It shows his own conviction of the necessity of religion as the basis of civil government, but it must reside not in the written Constitution, but in the people themselves, and cannot be forced into them by legislation:

REV. D. MCALISTER.

WASHINGTON, December 7, 1871.

DEAR SIR: Yours of the 2d instant has been received, requesting me to unite in the call of a convention favorable to an amendment of the Constitution of the United States, which shall acknowledge God as the author of the nation's existence and the source of its authority, Jesus Christ as its Ruler, and the Bible as the foundation of its laws and the supreme rule of its conduct. As you have done me the honor of writing me a special letter on the subject, I feel bound in courtesy to answer it.

I have never been able to see the necessity or expediency of the movement for obtaining such an amendment. The Constitution was evidently framed and adopted by the people of the United States with the fixed determination to allow absolute religious freedom and equality, and to avoid all appearance even of a State religion, or a State endorsement of