coming out of a drain, although it may be mechanically. The engineer is wanted as aggravated by one. Fumigation in such cases is essential. We will not dare to say in how many cases it is so.
well as well as the chemist, but in the true spirit of sect we have only hitherto used one of these men, until he has been shown to be better when supplemented by the other. We are fond of mechanical modes of treatment, having less faith in the less intelligible movements of chemical molecules, but in this we err, as the latter have no less honour, and seem to have priority in creation.
There are other cases where we have to fear the manures more than the air, because they decompose and produce pestiferous gases, feeding disease, if they are not disease themselves; and it is in such cases that we must use either antiseptics to prevent the corruption or disinfectants to destroy it. Cholera is from all accounts one of the A practical person says, How shall we plagues most connected with putrefaction, if disinfect a water-closet? Pour down a sonot generated by it. It does not fly about lution of chloride of lime; that is the most like cattle plague, independent of weather; ready way after all. If you are very sysit leaves us in winter, and, like putrefaction, tematic, and have a cistern from which carreturns with 54° of Fahr. It is threatening bolate of soda, or carbolic acid in any form, us while this is writing, and in all probability chloride of lime, or any of the liquids reit will be active before this is printed. commended, is always allowed to flow We dare not venture to be sectarians, or down the closet, then it is well. Chloride to believe that there is only one disinfectant of lime does not keep well in the air. We in the world, when we see nature presenting hear another say, How shall we disinfect us with so many. We believe that iodine our midden? Let the liquid drain off, and may act as a good disinfectant, and, indeed, the rest requires little disinfection; but a many other substances, but we have men- powder is better for such, as you may tioned the best and the most accessible. throw it over the surface, and allow it to We are told that chlorine is really the best, lie as a coating. Lime with a little carbobecause it destroys organic matter; these lic acid is excellent for this; and peat, or persons forget that we are made of organic other charcoal, and cinders, are by no means matter ourselves, and must be very careful to be despised. For this purpose, namely, how we work with such tools as destroy it. making a covering over foul matter, earth We believe that we can stand rather more comes in extremely well, and this is the chlorine in the air than the usual poisons best form in which earth can be used; it can. But when they enter the system we will not last for ever, and a supply must be cannot send chlorine after them, we are so kept up, circumstances will determine how extremely sensitive to its influence. All frequently. How much common salt or we can say is that it is an excellent disinfect- lime only will do in this case is to be ant, but, like others, not universally appli- learned. The lime must not be mixed up cable. We think that during epidemics with the manure. Another will say, The chlorine may be the most endurable in liquid goes off, but not into a drain; how dwelling-houses, and we really do think it is that to be disinfected? If the liquid puwell to have the atmosphere slightly smell- trefies near, it is most dangerous. We ing of some such substance in cases where have seen the great value of metallic salts, there is any closeness or impurity, or even and of chromate of potash, and of other subwhen the disease is threatening to come near tances in the table given. These cases are us. On this point, however, we need expe- therefore all provided for, and we require rience, and the full amount of good which only to take up that substance which seems can be done is to be proved. We now to us most conveniently obtained, with know that by the use of carbolic acid in the mixed regard to efficiency and economy. atmosphere of cow-houses and yards, the It is a problem with us whether common cattle disease may be prevented, and we also salt is not the cheapest of all disinfectants know that by the use of chlorine it may be for middens; it may be used in great abunprevented or diminished. We must apply dance. Even with water, it prevents puthe same rules to cholera, until we find it trefaction for weeks, and without it probaright to act otherwise. There are objections to both vapours. The rusting of metals caused by chlorine is an objection; the smell of carbolic acid is an objection, although it is not so bad when the acid is pure.
It would, however, be absurd to disinfect the air of a foul place, without first, if it were possible, removing all the foulness
bly for still more. We do not pretend to offer to all men one substance to do all the work. Let any one choose, according to his relations to the market, the work he requires done, and the money he can spend. If common salt will do the work of preservation from putrescence in manures, as it does in animal bodies, we shall save our
selves much trouble, much fear, and much | towns, and sanitary boards are beginning to
But how shall we disinfect sewage water? Let us look at Dr. Letheby's table, and we find that lime is really the only substance that can be used at present prices; unfortunately, however, it is a precipitant, and cannot be used until it leaves the sewers. Either the Board of Health method must be used, of driving the sewage water into the country, without loss of time, and without a deposit, or a liquid disinfectant for the sewers themselves must be sought. It may, however, be remarked that his table is suited for sewage which has already begun to decompose. We may write many articles before we mention all the problems relating to this great question of sewage, and we shall reserve it for another occasion.
Limits of disinfection,-We must not imagine that the chemical agents spoken of can supersede cleanliness. Wash and be clean. During epidemics we must not imagine that cleanliness can supersede chemical disinfection, for the air is tainted.
The work will never be well done until every one has a delicate perception of cleanliness and freshness of air, a taste by no means confined to the more educated, and often found in its fullest development among the poor, but not among the understratum in towns.
We shall not pretend to say how each household shall act, nor how each town council ought to act. In different towns we would do differently. We think disinfection will be more widely spread, it will become a greater art, because the oxidizing powers supplied by nature are not sufficient for crowded populations. If they were sufficient for cities they would be too energetic in the country, and man when he manufactures his own world must see that the air is suitable for it.
When cattle are kept in greater numbers in houses, and the accumulation of their manure becomes larger, there is more need of disinfection.
Land that is subject to unwholesome putrefaction may also be treated with disinfectants, and how large this use of them may be we cannot tell, whether only to the destruction of the malarious action of a lawn, so as to render an evening walk wholesome, or to a large field so as to remove disease from the cattle, or to a great district, so as to banish fever and agues with a touch.
We however pay little attention to cholera or to any disease until it comes and kills around us. This is our custom. Cholera has rapped at our doors, and towncouncils are moving, in order to purify
be listened to. The cattle-plague, which has been raging among us all winter, has not been enough to stir them, and the knowledge that the cholera was only waiting for winter to pass has not been enough. The fear only of sudden death seems to be able to induce them to do their duty,—like the cattle on the road, who move only when they are whipped, or the hen that rises within an inch of the horse's hoof. The sanitary boards of our town-councils have in few cases risen up to see the importance of their position. Some of our population are suffering to an extent scarcely to be understood; the mind sinks under the difficulty when we attempt to measure the crimes caused by our neglect of those who have none to care for them, the want of education in a State which is rich enough, if not wise enough, to act as a mother to all its children. Neither can we throw the blame purely on the abstract State. We see clearly that it is the will of individuals, of even such as our own acquaintance whom we see daily. The opinion is that those who cannot swim ought to sink. It is a doctrine held seriously by men with muscle, but surely not by men of thought and feeling, or men who have studied historyone by which much of the best has been crushed out, bringing in the reign of brute force and selfishness. As it is, some of us are afraid to enjoy the blessings Providence sends us, because we know that so many as good as we are unable to enjoy the same. The very virtues of our friends are tainted, because if they had ming led more with those who are now outcasts, there might have been, with a loss of refinement to the refined, at least a communication of some of it to the coarse. Our parties, our theatres, our public meetings, our rejoicings, are all defiled by crowds met on the way of filthy and wretched, who would gladly have rejoiced with us, but are now worse than unhappy, actually 'damned' by the negligence of the State, in almost every sense that every sect of Christians or of non-Christians choose to use that word. We allow them to grow, and then send to re-mould them with the most delicate and refined of the tools of civ ilisation. Sanitary reform can never be complete when it stands alone, and these people must be taught when they are children, or they will never be clean or helpful; to some men the condition of others is of little consequence, and to such we must add that even they are not safe so long as others are in danger.
Diet in 1861, 43; the 'Old Conservatives' and
the Federalist section of the Reichsrath, 44; sub-
jects discussed in three letters setting forth the
programme of the moderate Hungarian Lil erals,
44, 45; Francis Deak, 45; Count Esterhazy: the
overthrow of the Schmerling policy, 46; the
change of system at Vienna, 46, 47; the Com-
mercial Treaty with England, 47; the nationality
cry, 48; the question of Venetia, ib.; future po-
sition of Austria with regard to Northern and
Central Germany, 49; the Polish question, ib.;
the future of Austria, 50.
ABOUT and his Writings, 217-242.
Arabia (Central), W. G. Palgrave's Journey through,
1; previous authentic accounts of Nejd, 2; ac-
count of the Wahabys and their founder, Ibn-
Abd-ul-Wahab, 3; errors in Palgrave regarding
them, 4, et seq., the valley and town of Djowf, 6;
description of the inhabitants, ib.; administration
of justice amongst them, 7; journey across the
sand-desert to Ha'yel, ib. ; the palace of Telal, 8;
inconsistency between accounts of Palgrave and
former travellers, 8, 9; walk with a mechanic of
Kaseem, 9; Sir Harford Brydges' account of his
audience with Abd-ul-Azeez, the Wahaby sove-
reign, about the end of last century, 10; Oneyzah BAKER'S Explorations in Central Africa; see Central
and Bereydah, 11; encounter with a Persian car-
avan, ib.; encampment of Solibah, a remnant of
the ancient Sabæans, at Zulphah, 12; Toweym,
ib.; insect plagues in Arabia, ib. ; previous know-
ledge of places named by Palgrave, 12, 13, and
his mistake in supposing he has filled up a 'blank
in the map of Asia,' 13; his account of Feysul,
the Wahaby chief, contrasted with that of Col.
Pelly, 14, 15; his description of the Wahaby
government unintelligible, 15; the Zelators, 15,
16; a practical attempt to exercise their powers,
16; immorality of the Wahaby capital, 17; Hof.
hoof, ib.; the people on the shores of the Persian
Gulf, ib.; absurd notions about Arabs, 18; gale
and shipwreck, 19; truth of fact' versus 'truth
of imagination,' ib.
Austria, modern history of, 27; recent writers upon,
28; Joseph II., ib.; his plans of reform, and the
forces opposed to them, 28, 29; regard for tra-
ditional rights in Hungary, 29; policy of Leopold,
ib.; Austria as transmitted to the hands of Francis
in 1792, ib.; the inactionary SYSTEM, 30; the two
dominating men during this state of things: the
Emperor Francis and Prince Metternich, 30, 31;
the Greek insurrection in 1821 and the policy of
Metternich, 31, 32; excitement in Hungary, 32;
the Polish struggle of 1831, 32, 33; state of
Austria at the death of Francis, 33; the trium-
virate under Ferdinand, ib.; course of events in
Hungary, 34-36; the nobles and the SYSTEM, 36;
the Galician massacres, 37; seizure of Cracow by
Austria, ib.; the revolutionary period of 1848-49,
38; the reaction-Schwartzenberg, 39, 40; influ-
ence of the Russian war on the internal politics of
Austria, 40, 41; fall of M. Bach, 41; session of
the 'strengthened Council of the Empire,' ib.;
Bach's successor, Schmerling, 42; the Hungarian
Protestants and their leader, ib.; the Hungarian
CENTRAL AFRICA: explorations of Samuel White
Baker, 192; his qualifications for the work under-
taken, ib.; determines to master the Arabic lan.
guage; his difficulties at Khartoum-'physical
explanations,' 192, 193; arrival at Gondokoro,
where he meets Speke and Grant, 193; slave
ivory-parties; Ibrahim, commander of the Turkish
traders, 193, 194; Mr. Baker's difficulty with
Ibrahim at Ellyria; squabbling and fighting among
the traders, 194; Bellaal, 195; pursuit of a fugitive,
and its results; desertion of men, ib.; arrival at Tar-
rangollé, ib.; native funeral rites; polygamy, 196;
the Latooka war-signal, ib.; our travellers move
on to Obbo, 197; reconnaissance to the south, ib. ;
Katchiba, a comical old sorcerer, ib.; return to
Latooka: illness of Mrs. Baker: small-pox among
Turks, 197, 198; determined to push for Magun-
go, but detained at Tarrangollé, 198; dull fever
months at Obbo, 198, 199; hears a further ac-
count of Magungo from a woman, 199; plan of
his expedition, ib.; after further detention at
Obbo, they start for the south, 199, 200; Kam-
rasi's country, 200; island of Rionga, ib.; the
Victoria Nile, ib.; welcome by Kamrasi's people,
201; Kamrasi, ib.; situation of Mr. and Mrs.
Baker, 201, 202; Mrs. Baker receives a sun-stroke,
202; followed by fever, ib.; first view of Lake
N'zigé, the reservoir of the Nile, ib.; its extent,
203; a fortnight's voyage on the lake, 204; geo-
graphical interest attaching to this expedition,
204, 205,
Coloured Races, Colonial policy in the government
of, 205, et seq.
Colonial policy, our, 205; importance attached to
this department of the public service, 205, 206
colonial self-government, 206; Jamaica, ib.; Re-
port of Commissioners, 207; means used to sup-
press the insurrection, ib.; coloured populations,
208; practical problems arising out of our colo-
nial administration, 208, 209; Mr. J. S. Mill on
dealing with barbarians, 209; Ceylon, ib.; British
settlements in Western Africa, 209, 210; Report
of Colonel Ord on our political experiments there,
210; conflicting rights of our colonists and native
tribes, 211; aboriginal populations, and the march
of colonization; native races, 211, 212; incapaci
ty of coloured races as to international bargains,
212, 213; wearing out of colonial representative
institutions, 213; embarrassments besetting colo-
nial governors, 213, 214; New Zealand, 214; its
native population, ib.; appeal of the Auckland
colonists for separation from the Imperial Gov-
ernment, 215; dangers of a divided authority,
215, 216; superiority of Colonial levies to impe-
rial troops for bush warfare, 216; our future co-
lonial policy, 216, 217.
DISINFECTION: ancient use of perfumes, 242; pre-
servation of meat, 242, 243; preservation of hu-
man body from decay, 243; effects of moisture in
atmosphere, ib.; burning the dead, 244; crowding
of houses in towns, ib.; antiseptic action, 245;
earth as a disinfectant, ib.; gases and vapours:
oxygen, ib.; saltpetre, 246; other bodies which
condense oxygen, ib.; importance of pure rain,
247; sulphur, ib.; action of sulphurous acid, 248,
250; chlorine, 248; muriatic and nitric acids,
249;
heat and cold, 250; carbolic acid, 251; kreo-
sote, tar-water, 251, 252; tar acids, 252; reasons
for fumigation, ib.; miasms, 253; the question of
spontaneous generation, ib. ; organic matter found
everywhere, 254; explanation of fumigants, ib. ;
volatile organic bodies the truest antiseptics, 255;
results obtained by application of volatile disin-
fectants to different bodies, 255, 256; charcoal,
etc., 256; cattle-plague, cholera, 256, 257; cases
in which disinfection is needful, 257; disinfection
of solids and liquids, ib.; sulphur in coals, ib.;
the evil of middens, 257, 258; modes of fermen-
tation, 258; water and water-closets, 258; how
the vitiated air over all accumulations of manure
gender and feed disease, 259; table showing the
gas evolved during putrefaction, with various dis-
infectants, ib.; M'Dougall's powder, 260; rapid
disinfection, ib.; which disinfectants are we to
use, and how? ib. ; chlorine, 261; sanitary reform,
262; limits of disinfection, ib.
EASTERN (Ancient) monarchies: features of early
times dissimilar from the present state of things,
175; isolation of the ancient nations, ib.; their
attainments in science and art, 176; the two
great agencies to which the modern expansion of
the means of, knowledge is due, ib.; modern ap-
preciation of the Past, 176, 177; Greece, Rome,
and Egypt, 177; the Mesopotamian valley, ib.;
original population of Chaldea, 178; Hamitic and
Semitic populations, ib.; Nineveh founded by the
Semite Asshur, ib.; the Assyrians, 179; irrup-
tions of the Medes into the Valley, ib.; the Me-
dian dynasty in Chaldea, 180; Cyaxares and the
destruction of Nineveh, 180, 181; the Babylonian
Empire, 181; the Median monarchy supplanted
by the Persian, ib.; Cyrus, and Nebuchadnezzar,
181, 182; the siege of Babylon, 182; its fall,
183; the greatness of 'Nineveh and Babylon, 183,
184; extent and appearance of the ruined cities
of the Mesopotamian Valley, 185; the question as
to the position of Ancient Nineveh, 185, 186;
the probable solution of the difficulty, 186; de-
fences of the royal cities, 187; Nineveh, 187, 188;
Babylon, 188, 189; its public buildings and pal-
aces, 189, 190; the Babil mound and the Birs-i-
Nimrud, 190; the Temples of Babylon, 190, 191;
Professor Rawlinson's great work favourably cha-
racterized, 191, 192.
Ecce Homo' and Modern Scepticism: the conflict
of Christian faith with Atheism, 65; these argue
that the shortcomings among Christians are rather
spiritual than intellectual, 66; object of the author
of Ecce Homo, ib.; regal character of Christ's
spiritual legislation, 67; inductive science and its
claims, 68; history versus science, 68, 69; socie-
ty not held together by science, 69; the true re-
lation of theology to science, ib. ; the illegitimate
extensions of theology, 70; miracle, 71, 72;
Christ's claims to legislate for the spirit of man,
72, 73; secularism and its scepticism, 73; the
'enthusiasm of humanity,' 73, 74; the working
classes and Christianity, 74; the aims of Christ
involve a theology, 75, 76; cares of this world,'
76, 77; scepticism of modern æsthetic refinement,
77; schools of philosophy, 78; the 'relative
spirit' and Christ, ib. ; the 'tender justness' of His
moral judgments, 79; the source of gentle judg
ments, 80; characteristics of our Lord's teaching,
ib.; value of the author's book, 81.
Ecclesiastical Commission, the ;-its object, 94;
pluralism, 94, 95; obstacles to carrying into prac-
tice the old truth that the labourer is worthy of
his hire,' 95, 96; the Church in 1836, 96, 97; the
Pluralities Act of 1837, 97; the Cathedral Act,
ib.; criticism provoked by it, 98; fruits of the
measure, ib.; the Commission and leasehold
properties, 98-100; resolution to get rid of the
system of leases, 100; unpopularity of the Com-
mission, 101; the palace at Stapleton, ib. ; other
transactions connected with bishops' houses, 102;
the year 1850 a new era in the history of the
Commission, 103; the Estates Committee, ib. ; the
'Episcopal and Capitular Estates Management
Act,' 104; lessors' and lessees' advantages, as pro-
posed to be treated by the Lords' Committee, ib.;
great annual revenue of the common fund, 105;
principles on which the Commissioners distribute
it, 105-107; remarkable success of the Commis-
sion, 108; the Commission and the Legislature,
108, 109; Mr. Edmund Smith's Apology for the
Commission, 109, 110; constitution of the Com-
mission, 110; dangers of centralizing the control
of a large amount of property, 111; great benefits
conferred by the Commission on the worst-endow-
ed of the parochial clergy, 111, 112.
FAUST, Goethe's, translated by Theodore Martin: in
what the myth had its origin: Johann Faust, the
man around whom this mythology groups itself,
Faust and Melanchthon, 50, 51; Faust
the representative of the modern sceptic,
51; the past broken with-authority thrown
off-free inquiry entered on, ib.; the contest
of spiritualism and sensualism represented in
the character of Faust, 52; development of the
Faust legend, ib.; circumstances in which the
Faust poem burst forth in full blossom, 53;
Goethe's Faust THE Faust, ib.; Mephistopheles and
his witches, ib.; the popular devil's skill in logic,
54; witches in the old Germanic mythology, ib. ;
Goethe's admirers in England, 55; comparative
merits of Goethe's translators, ib.; specimens
from Anster and Blackie, 55, 56; scenes of the
poem: Faust and his study, 57, 58; scene before
the Gate, 59, 60; second scene in Faust's Study
(academical learning), 60, 61; third Study-scene
(academical life), 61-63; Faust's meeting with
Margaret, 63, 64; the Walpurgis night, 64; the
Ravenstone, ib.; the concluding scene, 64, 65;
personages of the Intermezzo, 65.
Fisheries; see Sea-Fisheries.
Francis I., description of, 165.
Greek insurrection of 1821, 31.
HENRYSON, Robert, Poems and Fables of, 81; James
IV.'s reign the culminating point in the history of
Scottish poetry, ib.; Dunbar, 82; Henryson's per-
sonal history, ib.; contemporaneous events, 83;
inferences from these as to his circumstances, 83,
84; his Testament of Cresseid, 84, 85; the Or-
pheus and Eurydice,' 85; shorter poems, ib.; his
'Moral Fables of Esop,' ib.; the middle-age bib-
liography of the Esopean Fables, 86, 87; fable-
books printed in fifteenth century, 87, 88; from
what source did Henryson derive his fables? 88,
89; his Description of Maister Esope,' 89; tale
of the Dog, the Sheep, and the Wolf,' 89, 90;
Episcopal Courts satirized, 90-93; comparison
of Henryson with Dunbar, 94; the language in
which he wrote, ib.
Hungary under Joseph II., 29; under Francis, 33;
and under Ferdinand, 34-36; Hungary in 1848,
38; in 1861, 43; the Old Conservatives,' 44.
JACOBITE Family, a: glimpse of its inner life, 19-27
Jesus Christ, his Life and Work surveyed; see 'Ec-
ce Homo.'
PALGRAVE, W. G.; see Arabia.
Pely, Colonel; see Arabia.
RAWLINSON'S Great Monarchies of the Eastern
World; see Eastern.
Reform and Political Parties, 112; Palmerston's
diplomacy, ib.; contrast between a Liberal and a
Tory Government, 113; bearing of England's
policy on other nations, ib; the true meaning
and proper limits of the doctrine of non-interven-
tion as given by Lord Russell, 114; falsity of the
popular theory, 'Silence, until you are prepared
to strike,' 115; present condition of the Conti-
nent, ib.; Home Policy of the Tories, 116;
Church questions, ib.; Reform, ib.; educational
questions, 117; land-questions, 118, 119; Ireland,
119; what may be expected from a Reformed
Parliament, 120; have we reached perfection?
ib.; desirability of Reform, both as a means and
as an end, 121; attitude of the working classes in
regard to Reform, 122; Lord Russell's early ca-
reer, 122, 123; principles of Reform, 123, 124;
Earl Russell's views on some leading points in this
question, 124; Mr. Lorimer's scheme, 125; what
are the dangers of Reform? 125, 126; democracy
in England, 126; does the aristocracy govern us
well? 127; importance of disposing of the ques-
tion in one complete measure, ib. ; redistribution
of seats, 127, 128; duty of the Liberal party
towards Ministers, 128, 129; necessity of decision
on the part of the Ministers, 129; accession of the
Tories to office deprecated as a great evil, 129;
future of England, 130.
Roman history, of universal interest; Niebuhr as a
historical critic, 131; importance of a just concep-
tion of it, ib.; disadvantages under which native
historians laboured, 131, 132; prejudices of the
Roman historians, 132; the Empire and Empe-
rors, 132, 133; the Roman policy of assimilation,
133; Roman colonization, and the gift of citizen-
ship, ib.; the unity of Roman history, ib.; the
Latin allies, 134; the social war, 134, 135;
widening boundary of the State, and what it ne-
cessitated, 135, 136; was a representative system
possible? 136; the army of Rome, 137; necessi-
ty of the Empire, 137; the Emperors and the
aristocracy, 138; Cæsar's plans and policy, ib.;
Roman system of jurisprudence, 139; Rome the
great leveller, 140; but destitute of the energy
and spirit and life to animate her organization, ib.;
prepared the way for Christianity, though often
animated by an opposite spirit, 141; general long-
ing felt and expressed for a purer past, ib.; the
Alexandrian philosophy, 141, 142; Stoicism, 142;
Stoicism and Christianity, 142, 143; the Empire
and the Church, 143.
SEA-FISHERIES Commission: questions submitted for
investigation, 143; supply of fish increasing on
our coasts, 144; quantity forwarded by railway,
ib.; the herring fisheries,145; prices of fish as
influenced by railway communication in interior
and sea-coast towns, ib.; 'prime' and 'offal’—
price of fish, 146; prosperous condition of our
fishermen, ib.; two exceptions to this general
prosperity: oyster fisheries; Irish sea-fisheries,
146, 147; consumption of trawled fish in Lon-
don, 147; importance of the development of the
sea-fisheries as a means of enterprise, 148, con-
flicting evidence on second question, ib; com-
plaints against modes of fishing classified, 149;
beam-trawling, ib.; examination of objections to
trawling, 149, 150; the trawl-net described, 151;
action of the trawl-net, ib.; the 'haul,' 151, 152;
advantages of trawling, 152, 153; the question
of waste by trawl-fishing, 153; destruction of
herring by codfish, 153, 154; waste of young fry
by the retiring of the tide in summer, 154; disap-
pearance of fish, ib.; food of the haddock and
the flounder, 154, 155; trawling for herrings,
156; free use of the sea, 156, 157; third ques-
tion legislative restrictions, 157; Fishery Con-
vention Act, ib.; its anomalous character, 158;
other legislative enactments, ib.; effects of the
Close-time Act of 1860, 159; the Close-time Act
modified in 1865, ib.; the 'Board of British
White-Herring Fishery,' ib.; the branding system,
160; special Sea-Fisheries Police Act recommend-
ed, 160, 161.
VENETIAN Relazioni; two classes of diplomatic cor-
respondence, 161; the Venetian envoys, 163;
collections of relazioni, 163, 164; France under
Charles VIII., 164; relazioni of 1535, of 1537,
and of 1542, 165; last years of Francis 1., 165,
166; the French clergy-the Parisians, 166;
Henry II., 167; Catherine de Medici, ib.; state of
the Church, 167, 168; relazioni of 1561, 168;
early life of Catherine, ib.; internal dissensions
of France, 169; massacre of St. Bartholomew,
170-173; Queen Elizabeth and Mary Stuart, 174.
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