But after the massacre the Spaniards began to fear that they had overdone the matter, and that the citizens, Spaniards as well as Indians, would be under the dire necessity of going to work. This, we are told, "conspired to sadden the minds of the Spaniards." Morga says that "after the end of the war the need of the City began, for, because of not having Chinese who worked at the trades, and brought in all the provisions, there was no food, nor shoes to wear, not even at excessive prices. The native Indians are very far from exercising those trades, and have even forgotten much of farming and the raising of fowls, cattle and cotton, and the weaving of cloth, which they used to do in the days of their paganism and for a long time after the conquest of the country. In addition to this, people thought that Chinese vessels would not come to the Islands with food and merchandise on account of the late revolution."17

So the governor sent a letter to China explaining why it had been necessary to kill the Sangleys and expressing the hope that the little incident would not prevent their friends from coming to Manila in the future. The Chinese, as usual, did not take the killing of their compatriots too seriously, and their goods were soon coming to Manila in quantities sufficient to supply the necessities of the inhabitants. The good people had learned a lesson, and thereafter a few Chinese were always left to do the work. In 1639, when they had increased to forty thousand, they killed only twenty-two thousand. After the slaughter in 1662 about eight thousand were left, but by 1755 they had again accumulated wealth, and at the instigation of the Spanish merchants, who had organized a society to take over all the buildings and grounds occupied by the Chinese communities, the governorgeneral ordered all the Chinese except such as had become Christians to be expelled from the islands. There were only 515 Christians, but with characteristic Celestial shrewdness about one thousand others announced that they were earnestly studying the

17 This was written about thirty-five years after Manila was founded. Rizal in a note to his edition of Morga's Sucesos cites this passage to sustain the view that the coming of the Spaniards and Chinese destroyed the industry and agriculture of the country.

doctrines and expected soon to become Christians, and they were permitted to remain.

The destruction of the Chinese in the provinces after the departure of the British again produced a shortage in the labor supply, and the order of expulsion was revoked. In 1804 it was ordered that only those engaged in agriculture should be allowed to live in the country. But a Chinaman will not long remain an agriculturist. He travels rapidly from a garden plot to a tiende and by easy stages to a wholesale house in Calle Rosario. A few years later they were permitted to engage in any branch of industry providing a permit was first obtained from the proper government official. It is needless to say that in many cases these permits cost a great deal of money.

During later times the Chinese greatly increased in number. In 1876 there were over thirty thousand, and in 1886 the number had increased to one hundred thousand. Many were smuggled in from Borneo, a custom which to some extent has survived to the present time. In 1886 the Chinese were forbidden to reside in the provinces or to trade with the Moros. Two years later they were forbidden absolutely to live in Mindanao. Such was their status when the country passed under the sovereignty of the United States, and her exclusionary acts were made operative.

The Spanish system of government rested like a dead weight upon the millions of common people. There was little to encourage any one to aspire to improve his condition; nothing was required of the native but to be good and obey orders. Slavery, the encomienda, the trade restrictions, forced labor, personal service in many forms, all served to prevent the growth of selfrespect and personal independence. The perpetual quarrels of the officials and the ecclesiastics, the oppressive acts of the military officials and alcades, rendered the government an object of hatred to the people. With examples of official corruption constantly before them it is not surprising that they were not imbued with high ideals of government and were inclined to accept the view that the first duty of every public servant was to

provide for his own future out of the public funds. Certainly it was not a school in which to train an impressionable people in the civic virtues or to develop in them the qualities necessary for self-government.

PART IV

American Occupation and Change of

Sovereignty

"In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America extends the influence of the American element over the South Sea, the captivating, magic power which the great Republic exercises over the Spanish Colonies, will not fail to make itself felt also in the Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance of the pioneer's ax and plow, representing an age of peace and commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword." Jagor, Travels in the Philippines, (London, 1875), p. 369.

"To extend rulership over subdued natives is to bad men a felicity, but to good men a necessity."-St. Augustine.

"No Constitution was ever before so well calculated as ours for extensive empire and self-government."-Thomas Jefferson (1809).