nore peri

han to

F.S

Full many a Gem, of purest ray serene,

The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,

And waste its sweetness on the desert air. C. S.

3. He has few friends; he has a few friends. little money; he has a little money. C. S.

He has

C. S.

C. S.

He would make a better artist than a seaman.

5. A black and white horse; a black and a white horse. Give equivalents for the two last expressions.

4. He is a better artist than seaman.

6. Here are Apples; give me one.

7. A man is the noblest work of Creation. F. S.
He was doomed to ascend a scaffold. F. S.

RULE XIV.-Beware of drunkenness: it impairs an understanding; wastes an estate; destroys a reputation; consumes the body; and renders the man of the highest parts the common jest of the meanest clown. F. S.

1. In all cases of proscription, the universal practice is to direct juries, by analogy, to the statute of limitations, to decide against incorporeal rights which, for many years, have been relinquished. F. S.

2. The red and white bonnets were much admired. Give the ambiguous equivalents.

Like a householder who bringeth out of his treasures things new and old. F. S.

3. Thomas, the brother of the General, and the Colonel of a regiment, led the attack. Give the ambiguous equiva

lents.

4. He is a just, wise, and generous man.

5. At the best, his gift was but a poor offering.

6. He was a Washington; He was a Cato; The Connecticut. C. S.

7. Those things in the which I will appear unto thee. F. S.

8. Bear Worcester to the death. F. S.

9. The tout ensemble.

10. Amicus imperator.

CHAPTER IV.

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

$475. RULE XV.-PRONOUNS agree with their Anteced ents, or the nouns which they represent, in Gender, Number, and Person; as, "God rules the world which he created;" "the moon appears and she shines, but the light is not her own;""O Thou who dwellest in the heavens;" "both wealth and poverty are temptations: that tends to excite pride; this, discontent." For rules common to both Pronouns and Nouns, see Syntax of Substantives.

Note 1. The Pronoun and the word representing it must not be introduced together as subjects of the same verb; as, "My trees they are planted." For the exception in ani mated language, by Aposiopesis, see § 626.

Note 2. The antecedent is sometimes only implied, and not expressed; as, "My paternal home was made desolate, and he was sacrificed." The sense is plain. He means my father, yet no Substantive, as father, has gone before. It is supplied, however, from the word paternal.

§ 476. RULE XVI.-Two or more Antecedents, united in construction by the Conjunction and, require their Representative Pronoun to be in the Plural number; as, "Socrates and Plato were wise; they were the most eminent philosophers of Greece."

Note 1. If the Singular antecedents thus united in construction are of several persons, the Second person takes precedence of the Third, and the First of both, in forming the Plural of the Representative Pronoun; as, "Thou and he shared it between you;" "James, and thou, and I are attached to our country." But if the antecedents describe one person or thing, though connected by and, they are in apposition, and do not require a plural pronoun; as, "That philosopher and poet spent his life in the service of mankind.”

Note 2. In the Classical languages, the pronoun of the First Person is deemed more worthy than that of the second,

E

and the Second than that of the Third. But though we in like manner place the pronoun of the second person before that of the third, we modestly place the pronoun of the First Person after those of the second and third. When a Roman would say, Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, we should say, "If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are

well."

§ 477. RULE XVII.-Two or more Antecedents in the Singular Number, separated in construction by the Disjunctive Conjunction or, or in any other way, require the pronoun to be in the singular Number; as, "John or James will send his book;" "The Bible, and not the Koran, is read there its influence is salutary;" "Every tree and every plant produces others after its kind."

Note 1. A Plural antecedent and a Singular antecedent, connected by or or nor, require the pronoun to be in the Plural number; as, "Neither the Captain nor his men

showed themselves."

Note 2. When the Antecedent is a Collective noun, conveying the idea of Plurality, the pronoun must agree with it in the Plural number; as, "The Senate were divided in their opinions."

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

§ 478. RULE XVIII.-The Personal Pronouns I, THOU, YOU, YE, and WE, are generally employed without an anteced ent noun, because that noun is assumed to be well known. When I and the name of a person are both employed, as they are in formal writings, the pronoun precedes the name; as, "I, Richard Roe, of Boston." In similar language, you and We also precede the name. You is used indefinitely for any person who may read the work in which the word is thus used; as, "You may trust an honest man." HE and THEY are used in the same indefinite manner; as, "He seldom lives frugally who lives by chance." "Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted."

Note 1. a. Ir is used with verbs called impersonal; as, "It rains." Here there is no antecedent.

b. It is used to introduce a sentence preceding a verb, as

the nominative, but representing a clause that comes after ward; as, "It is well known that the Jews were at this time under the dominion of the Romans." Here it represents the whole sentence, except the clause in which it stands.

c. Ir is used as the representative of the subject of a prop osition when the subject is placed last; as, "It is to be hoped that we shall succeed." Here that we shall succeed is the subject which it represents.

d. Ir is used to represent a plural noun; as, "It was the Romans that aimed at the conquest of the world."

e. Ir is used to represent a pronoun of the first or the sec ond person; as, "It is I;" "it is you."

f. Ir is used to represent a noun in the masculine Gender; as, "It was Judas who betrayed his Master."

g. Ir is used to express a general condition or state; as, "How is it with you?"

as,

h. Ir is used after intransitive verbs in an indefinite way; "Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it."

Note 2. Irs is probably a Secondary Genitive, and is of late origin in the language. The Anglo-Saxon was his, the Genitive of he, for the Neuter and the Masculine equally. Hence when, in the old writers, we meet his where we expect its, we must not suppose that any personification takes place, but simply that the old Genitive common to the two Genders is used in preference to the modern one, limited to the neuter and irregularly formed. Thus, "The Apoplexy is, as I take it, a kind of lethargy. I have read the cause of his effects in Galen; it is a kind of deafness."-2 Henry IV., i., 2. "If the salt have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be sea. soned? It is neither fit for the land nor yet for the dung hill, but men cast it out."-Luke, xiv., 34, 35.

Note 3. The Personal pronoun we is used by Monarchs, Reviewers and other writers, instead of the singular; as, "To promote the peace and the prosperity of this kingdom we send forth our proclamation." See § 215.

Note 4. Instead of the true nominative YE, we use, with few exceptions, the objective case; as, "You speak," "you two are speaking." In this we substitute one case for another. Instead of the true pronoun of the Second person

Singular THOU, we use, with few exceptions, the pronoun of the second person Plural YE, and that in the objective rather than in the nominative case. We not only say ye instead of thou, but you instead of ye. The use of one number for another is current throughout the Gothic languages. A pronoun so used is conveniently called the Pronomen reverentiæ. Guest remarks, that at one time the two forms ye and you seem to have been nearly changing place in our language:

"As I have made ye one, Lords, one remain;

So I grow stronger, you more honor gain."-Henry VIII., iv., 2.

"What gain you by forbidding it to tease ye,

It now can neither trouble you nor please ye."-DRyden.

Ye, in the accusative, is now sometimes used by poets. Its use should not be encouraged. See § 220.

Note 5. In the German and the Danish, the pronomen reverentiæ is got at by a change not of number alone, but of number and person. The pronoun of the third person is used instead of that of the second; just as if in English we should say, Will they walk will you walk; will ye walk; wilt thou walk. "Notandum item apud nos morem obtinuisse (sicut apud Gallos aliosque nunc dierum) dum quis alium alloquitur, singularem licet, numerum tamen pluralem adhibendi; virum tunc you dicimus non ye. Singulari vero numero si quis alium compellit, vel dedignantis illud esse solet vel familiariter blandientis."-Wallis, p. 98.

Note 6. So far as Gender is concerned, rule fifteenth has no practical application to personal pronouns of the First and Second persons, I, thou, we, ye, you. These are the same for the masculine and the feminine; neither has it any practical application to the plural number of the third person, the same form they being used for the three genders. Nor has it application to the number of the second person, as far as you is used for thou. To HE, SHE, IT, the remaining personal pronouns, it has an application in respect to gender. Note 7. "In the phrase, Rob me the exchequer,' Henry IV., the me is expletive, and is equivalent to for me. This expletive use is conveniently called the Dativus Ethicus. It