SMITH CO., Limited, v. MARANO.

(Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 1920. 267 Pa. 107, 110 Atl. 94, 10 A. L. R. 697.)

Action by the Smith Company, Limited, against Antonio Marano. Judgment for plaintiff, and defendant appeals. Affirmed.

BROWN, C. J. The facts in this controversy are agreed upon in a case stated. Smith Company, Limited, is a corporation, with its place of business in the city of St. Johns, Newfoundland. The defendant is a resident of the city of Philadelphia, this state, and is engaged in business there. In September, 1916, the plaintiff and defendant, by letters and telegrams, endeavored to complete a contract for the sale of codfish to the latter. As a result of preliminary negotiations, on September 26, 1916, plaintiff made the following offer to the defendant, by telegram:

"Will give you first quality at nine dollars, second quality at eight dollars per drum of one hundred pounds c. i. f. Philadelphia."

On the following day the defendant wired his acceptance of 1,000 drums of the fish, first quality, and by letter of the same date directed. the plaintiff to send with the first shipment of that quality 25 drums of the second quality. On or about October 4, 1916, the plaintiff shipped 300 drums of the fish of first quality and 25 of second quality, in accordance with the terms of the contract. The goods were shipped by a steamer from the city of St. Johns, consigned to the plaintiff's agent at New York, for transshipment to Philadelphia, to be delivered to the order of plaintiff, the bill of lading being indorsed by the plaintiff in blank. Under the terms of the contract, the plaintiff paid for the customary marine insurance on the goods shipped and the freight charges on them to Philadelphia. It immediately forwarded to the Girard National Bank of Philadelphia, through a bank in New York, the insurance policy, indorsed in blank, the invoice and a through bill of lading, also indorsed in blank, all attached to a sight draft on the defendant, in accordance with the contract between them, the draft being for $2,900, covering the value of the fish shipped. About two days later the ship carrying the fish shipped by the plaintiff to the defendant was sunk by a submarine of the Imperial German government, on the high seas, while en route to the port of destination, and the goods in question were totally destroyed. The bill of lading and the sight draft were duly tendered to the defendant after the cargo had been destroyed. He refused to accept the draft, and subsequently refused to pay any part thereof. The parties agree that the expression "c. i. f." means that the price quoted by the plaintiff to the defendant, and accepted by him, included the cost of the goods, the cost of obtaining customary insurance thereon, and the freight charges to the city of Philadelphia. On

the foregoing state of facts the court below entered judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the full amount of its claim.

The letters "c. i. f." are abbreviations of the words "cost, insurance, and freight," and when used in connection with commercial quotations signify that the price to be paid for goods will include all charges to the port of destination. 11 C. J. 765. The case now under consideration calls upon us for the first time to construe what may be termed a "c. i. f." contract for the purchase of goods, and to determine when, under such contract, there is delivery to the buyer. As just stated, plaintiff and defendant agree that the term "c. i. f." means that the price quoted to the latter and accepted by him included "the cost of said goods, the cost of obtaining the customary insurance thereon, and freight charges to the city of Philadelphia." In recognizing that such is the true meaning of the abbreviations, the English courts hold that property purchased under a contract in which they are used passes to the buyer upon the seller's delivery of it to a carrier. Ireland v. Livingston, L. R. 5, H. L. 395; Armhold, Karberg & Co. v. Blythe, Green Jourdain & Co., 1 K. B. 495. In this latter case, Mr. Justice Blankes said:

"I agree also that the condition of the goods at the time of the tender of the shipment documents is not material, nor is the value of the documents at the time of tender material. In all such matters the risk is on the buyer. He may be obliged to pay for goods although they may be at the bottom of the sea, or although through some unforeseen circumstance they may never arrive, or although they may have been lost owing to some cause not covered by the agreed form of policy."

In Mee et al. v. McNider, 109. N. Y. 500, 17 N. E. 424, in following the rule announced by the English courts, it was said:

"The answer admits that the letters 'C. F. & I.' mean 'to include cost, freight, and insurance, and the question is, who, under the contract, took the risk of the voyage? * * * In the case before us there seems no ambiguity. On the part of the vendor, the shipment by steamer was an effectual appropriation of the cocoa to the buyer, and at that moment the agreement on the vendor's part was executed. * It necessarily follows that injury to the cocoa during the voyage was no excuse for nonperformance." 43

*

*

A concise statement of the rule is thus made by Mr. Justice Hughes in Thames & Mersey Marine Insurance Co., Limited, v. U. S., 237 U. S. 19, 35 Sup. Ct. 496, 59 L. Ed. 821, Ann. Cas. 1915D, 1087:

"The requirements of exportation are reflected in the familiar 'C. I. F.' contract (that is, at a price to cover cost, insurance, and freight),

43 In this case the court states the purpose of the c. i. f. stipulation as follows (page 503 [17 N. E. 424]): "Thus the purchaser deals with the matter in gross, and not in detail, transacts the various branches of the business with one person instead of three, fixes his liability at a lump sum, and in case of loss will recover the amount of his interest under the policy."

which has 'its recognized legal incidents, one of which is that the shipper fulfills his obligation when he has put the cargo on board and forwarded to the purchaser a bill of lading and a policy of insurance with a credit note for the freight, as explained by Lord Blackburn in Ireland v. Livingston.' L. R. 5 H. L. 395-406; Stroms, Bruks, Aktie, Bolag v. Hutchison (1905) A. C. 515-528. See, also, Mee v. McNider, 109 N. Y. 500 [17 N. E. 424]."

Counsel for appellant admit that the judgment of the court below is in accord with the English decisions, followed in this country by the two cases cited, but their contention is that, under the Pennsylvania Sales Act of May 19, 1915 (P. L. 543), the property purchased by the defendant was never delivered to him, and the plaintiff is therefore not entitled to recover. The pertinent parts of that act are as follows:

"Sec. 18. First. Where there is a contract to sell specific or ascertained goods, the property in them is transferred to the buyer at such time as the parties to the contract intend it to be transferred. Second. For the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties, regard shall be had to the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties, usages of trade, and the circumstances of the case.

*

"Sec. 19. Unless a different intention appears, the following are the rules for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time at which the property in the goods is to pass to the buyer: ** Rule 5. If the contract to sell requires the seller to deliver the goods to the buyer, or at a particular place, or to pay the freight or cost of transportation to the buyer, or to a particular place, the property does not pass until the goods have been delivered to the buyer, or reached the place agreed upon."

The appellant agreed to pay to the appellee a fixed price for the goods to be shipped to him. The price quoted to him, and which he agreed to pay, included not only the actual value of the fish to the seller, but insurance and freight charges to Philadelphia. If the price had not included insurance, it might be well urged that, under rule 5 of section 19 of our Sales Act, the goods were never delivered to the appellant; but, reading the contract as a whole-as it must be readwith the item for insurance included in it, "a different intention" on the part of the buyer is disclosed, and the learned court below correctly so held. If it was the intention of the parties to the contract that the property in the goods sold should not pass to the buyer until delivery to him. at Philadelphia, what concern had he about their safe transportation to that port? By his acceptance of the offer made by the appellee, he admittedly agreed that he would pay a sum to the latter which would. cover marine insurance on the shipment to him. Under the contention which he now makes, he had no interest in it until it reached him at Philadelphia. That he did not so intend, and that he must now be held to have understood that the delivery of the goods to the common carrier

was a delivery to him, are clearly demonstrated by the court below in the following from its opinion directing judgment to be entered against him:

"It is difficult to understand why the buyer should be concerned in any stipulation regarding payment of insurance, either by himself or by the seller, if he had no property in the goods during transit, and consequently no interest in the subject of their insurance. On the other hand, if he intended that they should pass to him as soon as they were delivered to the steamship, the subject of insurance in transit would be vital to him. We think this reference to insurance in the contract of sales is controlling and significant of the intention of the parties. If delivery was intended to take place at the end of the voyage, the reference to insurance in any communication between the parties was as superfluous as a reference to their insurance before the sale while in the seller's warehouse. No matter what is to be inferred from the reference to freight, the inference from that to insurance must also have weight. The contract must be interpreted as a whole. Both provisions must be explained, interpreted, and given their due force. A provision for the payment of freight by the seller or its inclusion in the price might indicate an intention to deliver at the end of the voyage, or it might be a consideration affecting the price merely, and the cost and uncertainty of the freight charge might be a burden accepted by the seller to expedite the sale. On the other hand, the provision with regard to insurance was either fully intended, and reasonable because of the risk the buyer intended to assume, or, if he did not so intend, it was entirely meaningless and mere surplusage."

But a word need be added to the foregoing. Among the provisions of the Sales Act are the following:

"Sec. 20. * * *Second. Where goods are shipped, and by the bill of lading the goods are deliverable to the seller or his agent, or to the order of the seller or his agent, the seller thereby reserves the property in the goods. But if, except for the form of the bill of lading, the property would have passed to the buyer on shipment of the goods, the seller's property in the goods so shipped and deliverable shall be deemed to be only for the purpose of securing performance by the buyer of his obligations under the contract."

"Sec. 22(a). Where delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer, or to a bailee for the buyer, in pursuance of the contract, and the property in the goods has been retained by the seller merely to secure the performance by the buyer of his obligations under the contract, the goods are at the buyer's risk from the time of such delivery."

The bill of lading, made out to the appellee or its order, was indorsed immediately by it in blank, and attached to the draft drawn upon the appellant. This merely meant that the appellee intended to retain property in the goods to secure performance by the defendant of his promise

to pay for them, and did not, by the express words of the Sales Act, relieve him from the risk that was upon him from the time the goods were delivered to the carrier.

Judgment affirmed.44

SECTION 8.-EFFECT OF ISSUE OF DOCUMENT OF TITLE AND OF NEGOTIATION OR TRANSFER THEREOF

1. RESERVATION OF RIGHT OF POSSESSION OR PROPERTY

EVANS v. MARLETT.

(Court of King's Bench, 1697. 1 Ld. Raym. 271.)

If goods by bill of lading are consigned to A., A. is the owner, and must bring the action against the master of the ship if they are lost. But if the bill be special, to be delivered to A. to the use of B., B. ought to bring the action. But if the bill be general to A. and the invoice only shews, that they are upon the account of B., A. ought always to bring the action, for the property is in him, and B. has only a trust, per totam curiam. And per Holt, Chief Justice, the consignee of a bill of lading has such a property as that he may assign it over. And Shower said, that it had been adjudged so in the Exchequer.

WAIT v. BAKER.

(Court of Exchequer, 1848. 2 Exch. 1.)

Trover for 500 quarters of barley. Pleas, not guilty, and not possessed; upon which issue was joined.

At the trial, before Williams, J., at the last Spring Assizes for Somersetshire, the following facts appeared: The defendant, a cornfactor at Bristol, had occasional dealings with a person of the name

44 See note, 69 U. of Pa. Law Rev. 82, and Smith Co., Ltd., v. Moscahlades, 193 App. Div. 126, 183 N. Y Supp. 500 (1920), which appears to have arisen from the same disaster, and in which the question as to what kinds of insurance are required by a c. i. f. contract is also considered.

A. contracted to sell to B. twenty cases of French walnuts c. i. f. to Hull, payment thirty days after delivery. The walnuts were shipped and bill of lading and invoice sent to B. The goods were not insured, but arrived safely at Hull, where B. refused to accept them. May A. recover the price? See Orient Co. v. Brekke & Howlid, [1913] 1 K. B. 531, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 214.

On the transfer of property under c. i. f. contracts, in general, see Williston, Progress of the Law 1919-20; Sales, 34 Harv. Law Rev. 741, 753; Llewellyn, C. I. F. Contracts in American Law, 32 Yale Law J. 711; Craighill, Sales of Goods on C. I. F. Terms, 6 Va. Law Rev. 229.