117. Rosenthal, Dr. J. Bier und Branntwein und ihre Bedeutung fur die Volksgesundheit. Berlin.

118. Roux, Paul J. Union gènèrale des Brasseurs (Pamphlet of the secretary of the society of brewers for South and Middle France.) 119. Rudiger, Herrmann. Technischer Brauereileiter. Die Bier

brauerei und die Malzextractfabrication. Wien.

120. Scammel, Geo. Breweries and malt houses, etc. 2d edition revised, enlarged and partly rewritten by Fred. Colyer.

121. Schmidt, Dr. C. H. Hausbierbrauer fur Staat und Land, etc. Herausgegeben vom Braumeister Wilhelm Grothe. Weimar, 1864. 122. Schmidt's, Chas. H., Grundsatze der Bierbrauerei. 4 ganzlich umgearbeitete und sehr vermehrte Auflage von Prof. Dr von Wagner. Weimar, 1870. 123. Schmidt. Deutscher Brauer und Malzerkalender. Nurnberg. 124. Schneider. Die Malzerei Chemie uud Physiologie der Malzbereitung. 2. Auflage an Stelle von Habich's Malzbereiting 1874. 125. Schneider, Konr. Erster Jahresbericht der Wormser Brau acadamie und Malzerei und Brauereiversushsstationo. Leipzig, 1873. 126. Schultz, J. F. Theoretisch practische Bierbrauerei, nach ihrer ersten Entwickelung bis zum jetzigen Standpunkte. Revidirt und mit den neuesten Erfindungen in der Kartoffelbierbrauerei versehen, vom Apotheker Dr. W. Keller, Berlin.

127. Schutzenberger, P. Die Gahrungserscheinungen. Leipzig, 1876. 128. Schutzenberger, P. On Fermentation. Appleton, New York, 1876.

129. Schwarz, Dr. H. Die alkoholischen Getranke. Wein, Bier und

Branntwein. Breslau.

130. Schwarz, J. H. Neuer patentirter Bierbrauappart, der die vollstindigste Benutzung des Malzes, etc. Darmstadt, 1857. 131. Schwarz, Alois. Die Bierbrauerei auf der Weltausstellung. Brunn, 1871. Parnnon, R. A practical treatise on brewing, distilling and rectification, etc. London, 1805.

132. Simmonds, P. L. Hop culture, etc. Spon, New York.

133. Skalweit. (Bieranalyse mit dem Polarisationsapparate) Jahresbericht des Untersuchungsamts, etc., in Hannover.

134. Southby. Brewing, practically and scientifically considered. London, 1877

135. Stahlschmidt, C. Die Gahrungschemie, umfassend die Weinbereitung. Bierbrauerei, Spiritus, und Essigfabrication. Berlin, 1861. 136. Steel. Selection of the principal points of malting and brewing and structures thereon for the use of brewery proprietors. London, 1881.

137. Stein, Carl. Gambrinus. Der vollkommene Bierbrauer oder vollstandge alle Zweige des Gewerbs umfassende theoretisch-practische Anleitung zum Bierbrauen. 3. Auflage. Heilbronn, 1852. 138. Steinheil. Optische Bieranalyse in der Abhandlung d. 2 Cb. d. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen. 3, page 691. 139. Stierlin. Das Bier und seine Verfalschungen. Bern, 1878. 140. Swoboda, Carl. Die Eisapparate der Newzeit, Weimar. 141. Thausing. The theory and practice of the preparation of malt and the fabrication of beer. Baird & Co., Philadelphia.

142. Thausing, Julius E., Prof. in Moidling. Die Theorie und Praxis. der Maltzbereitung und Bierfabrication. Leipzig, 1877.

143. Thiel, Eugene. Nahrungs- und Genussmittel als Erzeugnisse der Industrie. Braunschweigh, 1874.

144. Thoms.

Das Wasser in der Bierbrauerei. Riga, 1875.

145. Tietz. Ueber den Bau und die Einrichtung einer Brauerei. Wien, 1872.

146. Trautmann, Leonard. Anleitung zum Selbststudium der Doppelten Bierbrauerei. Worms, 1876.

147. Trempenau, Wilhelm. Die Brauereibuchfuhrung nach einfacher und doppelter Methode. Leipzig, 1877.

148. Utz, L. Die Vergahrbarkeit der milchsaure 1872. Wien. 149. Vocke.

Theile.

Handbuch für das Malzaufschlagwesen in Baiern. 2

150. Vogel, Dr. August. Die Bieruntersuchung. Eine Anleitung zur Werth bestimmung und Prufung des Bieres nach den ublichsten Methoden. Berlin.

151. Voigt, Franz. Die Rohmaterialien zur Bierproduction, etc. Berlin, 1874.

152. Vogel, A. Die Bieruntersuchung. Berlin, 1866.

153. Wagner, L. V. Hefe und Gahrung nach dem heutigen Standpuncte der Wissenschaft.

154. Wagner, L. V. Die Bierbrauerei nach dem gegenwartigen Standpuncte der Theorie und Praxis des gewerbes. Weimar, 1877. 155. Wendt. Die Bierbrauer in ihren neuesten Fortschritten. Berlin. 156. Wenke, Dr. B. Zwei populare Vortrage uber den Brauprocess, Die Zusammensetzung des Bieres und die Wirkung seiner Bestandtheile auf den gesunden und kranken Körper. Weimar, 1861. 157. Wirncke, W. Ueber die Wirkung einiger Antiseptica und verwandter Stoffe auf Hefe. Dorpat.

158. Wing's Brewers Hand book for 1881.

159. Wolff. Die Naturklare oder das geheimniss der Hefe-und Alcohol-bildung und die unsichtbaren Feinde der Bierbrauerei, etc. Manheim.

160. Wright, A.

Handbook for young Brewers. 1877.

161. Zimmermann, D. F. Ausfuhrliches Lehrbuch der Bierbrauerei, etc. 2. Auflage. Berlin, 1852.

Consult also general list of works on the adulteration of food, etc.; analysis of food, etc.; also works on agricultural chemistry and chemical technology.

GROUP IX.

CRUDE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL Drugs.

GROUP X.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR PREPARATIONS.

By FREDERICK HOFFMANN, A. M., Ph. D.

MEDICINAL DRUGS AND CHEMICALS.

To the State Board of Health of New York:

Having been appointed by the State Board of Health of New York, to examine specimens of "Crude Vegetable Drugs" and "Pharmaceutical Chemicals and their Preparations," as presented to me by the chairman of the sanitary committee of the Board, I beg to present the following brief report on the results of my examination of 342 specimens of drugs, and of 317 specimens of chemicals, which were delivered to me on the 31st of October, the 7th and 16th of November, and the 1st of December. In consideration of the brief time granted for the present inquiry, for the necessary comparatively large amount of microscopical and analytical work, and for the delivery of the report, the inspectors were instructed, with the consent of the chairman of the sanitary committee of the Board of Health, to collect for the presentexamination, specimens of crude and of powdered drugs and of chemicals only; and of these such ones as are of importance, or which have been found wanting in quality according to recently published reports of analysts. As drugs and chemicals generally form the basis of pharmaceutical preparations, and as their good quality, therefore, is of prime importance, they have first been taken into consideration. The collection, as well as the examination of such extensive groups as the essential oils, and the whole series of pharmaceutical preparations proper, including the fluid extracts, the tinctures, the various solutions of salts, etc., for whose quality and strength the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, and some other recognized Pharmacopoeias are considered standards, require much more labor, time, apparatus and detailed methods for estimation, and considerably greater expenditure.

It is beyond the object and sphere of this report, to include and recite the known facts about the present condition of the drug trade, and about inferiorities and adulterations in drugs and medicinal chemicals, as found and published in the course of recent years in the current pharmaceutical and sanitary literature; nor to dwell upon, or advance suggestions in regard to needed or desirable measures of reform; it may, however, not be amiss in this respect, to refer to the elaborate "report on deteriorations, adulterations and substitutions of drugs," furnished by Prof. C. L. Diehl of Louisville, Ky., to the National Board of

Health, and published as supplement number six, among the publications of that Board.

It needs hardly to be stated that the examinations of drugs and chemicals has been conducted with the view to ascertain their identity and quality. These are liable to be impaired by accidental or intentional substitution, or by contamination resulting from want of knowledge, or care in the gathering and preparation of the drugs, or in the manufacture of chemicals, or from errors or carelessness in packing, storing and labelling; whilst the originally good quality may also have been lessened or destroyed by deterioration through moisture, exposure or age; and in chemicals also by incomplete or deficient methods of, or operations in, their manufacture, and through other accidental causes, and finally by fraudulent adulteration.

The methods employed for examination have been, in the case of crude and powdered drugs, a close and comparative inspection of their characteristic, physical properties and condition, their anatomical structure, etc., aided, whenever necessary, as particularly with powder and powdered drugs, by the use of a lens or of microscopes, and by comparison with microscopical standard preparations, as well as by chemical tests. With drugs, like wax and oil of cacao, well known empirical tests, resting mainly upon their greater or lesser solubility in solvents at certain temperatures, or upon other properties, have been used. For the examination of the chemicals, the most approved methods have been employed. Whenever required, or where different processes are applicable for the estimation of important chemicals, the one employed is indicated or described. A description, however, of the common and general chemical tests has been omitted, as such an elementary course would unduly enlarge this Report, would be superfluous to the expert and unavailing to the uninitiated, and would but be a written reproduction of what is stated in print in the Pharmacopoeia, in "the National and "the United States Dispensatories," and in Fr. Hoffmann's "Examination of Medicinal Chemicals.

As absolute purity in most medicinal chemicals and their pharmaceutical preparations is neither necessary, nor in many of them readily attainable, a certain margin has to be admitted and due allowance to be made, in all sharply defined chemical tests, for collateral and mostly insignificant and indifferent admixtures or remnants of solvents, or materials used or produced in the manufacture and preparation of chemicals. Traces of such co-incident impurities, therefore, are found and conceded in many commercial medicinal chemicals and their pharmaceutical preparations, but the experienced expert can readily and safely determine their amount and draw, with judicious discrimination, the proper line between the legitimate limit and the undue excess of any such impurity. Their nature and character, moreover, have to be taken into

*

This trust and privilege is likewise accorded to the expert pharmacist in countries where the practice of pharmacy is restricted by protective grants, and stands under the control of the National Government, and where, as for instance, in Germany, the most efficient measure to reach inferiorities and adulterations in drugs, consists in periodical inspections of the pharmacies and dispensing establishments. "This inspection is no dead letter, but is a severe, searching operation, performed, generally in one day, by a delegation nominated by the provincial government, and consisting of the department councillor of the provincial government (Regierungs Medicinalrath), the district physician and the district or some other delegated apothecary. One or more representatives of the local municipal authorities are also invited to attend the inspection. The drugs, especially those liable to deterioration or sophistication, and all pharmaceutical and chemical prepara

special consideration whenever the impurity, or its amount and nature in any way may be objectionable, either by their powerful properties, or by their lessening or modifying the therapeutical value and effect of the chemical. The tests and the proper standard for relative purity in chemicals, therefore, have been applied throughout with due care, and with reasonable allowance where admissible and justified, but with strict discrimination whenever required by the kind and nature of both, the chemical and the impurity.

For all such chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations which admit. and require, and for which the Pharmacopoeia has established a standard strength on the basis of a specified or otherwise well known and recognized chemical assay, this test has, in general, to be applied as the principal criterion,

CRUDE VEGETABLE DRUGS.

Seneca root, Root of Polygala Seneca, Linn. Twenty-three specimens Nos. 1106, 1133, 1174, 1215, 1263, 1312, 1315, 1383, 1423, 1440, 1478 1514, 1550, 1589, 1662, 1679, 1689, 1712, 1732, 558, 567, 585, 797. Eighteen specimens are true seneca root of good quality; I specimen (No. 1423) is the same but of inferior quality; I specimen (No. 1106) contains about fifty per cent of good and true root, the balance being inert rootlets, stolones of a graminea and some foreign root; I specimen (No. 1174) contains about seventy-five per cent of good root, the balance being some inert rootlets; I specimen (No. 1514) is seneca root of a poor and evidently inert quality; 1 specimen (No. 1440) is worthless on account of deterioration and adulteration.

Virginia snake root, Rhizome and rootlets of Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linn., and Aristolochia reticulata, Nuttal. Twenty-one specimens, Nos. 1107, 1134, 1175, 1216, 1264, 1316, 1349, 1384, 1441, 1424, 1479, 1515, 1551, 1590, 1627, 1663, 1680, 1699, 1713, 1733, 797. Twenty specimens are true Virginia snake root of fair quality; 1 specimen (No. 1216) are the rhizome and rootlets of Asarum canadense, Linn.

Sarsaparilla root, Root of Smilax officinalis. Humb. and Bonpl. Twenty-three specimens, Nos. 1108, 1135, 1176, 1217, 1295, 1317, 1350, 1385, 1425, 1442, 1480, 1516, 1552, 1591, 1629, 1665, 1682, 1700, 1715, 1735, 569, 585, 797. Nine specimens are true sarsaparilla root of good

tions of the Pharmacopoeia are examined and their quality and strength tested. Store, laboratory, storage rooms and cellar are inspected. Not only are the drugs and the stock examined, but also the assistants and apprentices; they are required to show the certificates of their preliminary education and subsequent studies, are examined on the pharmaceutical sciences, on practical pharmacy, and the pharmacopoeia, and have to submit to an inquiry into their studies, diligence and progress. The inspectors examine the apothecary's diploma, license, library, herbarium, prescription books and the prices charged on prescriptions. A resumé of the entire inspection is made and signed by all delegates and witnesses, and is sent to and kept by, the provincial government. From this the apothecary receives a report of the result of the inspection, with either acknowledging reflections, counsels for his or his assistant's benefit, or polite but precise and firm reprimands. "The intercourse of the civil and judicial authorities with all citizens being dignified and polite, though strict, and regardless to position, means, rank or relations, the dealings of the authorities with the apothecaries are likewise characterized by consideration and respect. Like other professions, there is a great deal required from the apothecary, a high status of professional competency, fidelity and uncompromising reliability. In return the State grants him protection, and in ordinary life he enjoys, in common with the physician, the confidence and esteem of the community, by virtue of his vocation." (From "Pharmacy in Prussia and the German Empire by Fred. Hoffmann." American Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. 43, page 838.)