further made that said service was duly rendered.

It will be noticed in the petition. that no claim was made for damages by reason of a breach of warranty to cure, but merely that of unskillfulness and negligence in not properly setting the bone so that it would keep in place.

Now in this case the attending physician was unable to set the bone and the defendant physician was called to do that work. The testimony was that he was employed to set the bone and put it in place; that he was not employed to attend to, care for or treat the patient.

Ordinarily it it would have been proper for the surgeon in that case to have given directions and warnings, such as would be generally given, to have enabled the plaintiff or his nurse and attendant to act intelligently in the further management of the limb, and there was evidence to show that the defendant gave directions in this behalf, such as to keep the plaintiff quiet at first, and subsequently to move the limb gently, as the patient could bear it, to prevent stiffness in the same.

But in this case the attending physician was in charge, and was expected to and did continue in attendance for some time afterwards.

Now, it seems that in the work of setting the bone the patient was placed on the floor after administering the chloroform, and by manipulation tried to accomplish the desired result, but it failed as the former physician had failed. The surgeon then employed pulleys and the Jarvis Adjuster, a proper mechanical means, and after three hours' work succeeded, with the assistance of the attending physician, in reducing the dislocation.

The bone, however, did not move back into place with a "snap," which is one of the recognized signs of success in such operations. This, however, was accounted for by the physician in attendance at the time by the fact that the dislocation was an old one of some thirty odd days' standing, and the

cavity may have been filled or partially filled with plastic or some solid material.

However that may have been, the plaintiff himself admitted that when he came from under the influence of the chloroform his leg could be moved up and down, in and out, and sideways, which could not be done before.

Afterwards, about seventeen days. from the operation, it was discovered that the leg did not look right, the knee being turned up and over and the heel turned out and toes in. It seemed that the left hip was again out of place, and about ten days thereafter the surgeon again put the hip bone in place.

It did not prove satisfactory and the leg became crooked and unsightly as above indicated, and for that suit was filed against the surgeon.

Now, in this case a number of witnesses were called to testify as to whether or not in their opinion the surgeon exercised the requisite and proper skill and attention ordinarily bestowed in similar cases. That was a question for the jury, and in that case the court held that it did not make any difference what the defendant's reputation was as to whether or not he was a skillful surgeon and submitted to the jury the question under all the evidence, did he use the proper care and skill ordinarily required in similar cases?

Of course, it should be remembered that the physician or surgeon in treating of a dislocation, or attending the case for replacement of the bone, must conform to the system of treatment established in the profession to which he belongs, and if he departs from it he does so at his peril. He must give such proper instructions as would insure the proper conduct of the case.

It is always a question for the jury, where a given state of facts are disputed, to decide which side or which state of facts they will believe and which they will disregard or disbelieve.

Now, where a case shows a state of facts like the following, the rec wery

can be maintained against the surgeon. for instance:

A man in New York State accidentally broke his leg and the surgeon was called upon to set the fracture, which was an oblique one, in the upper part of the thigh bone.

The plaintiff was a man of sixty-nine years of age; the fractured bone united, but the leg was shortened two inches in its whole length. In this case the plaintiff had received a fracture of his other leg in 1861 and of the hip in 1850, and he received a fracture in the same leg below the knee in October, 1866. This was a transverse fracture.

The oblique fracture took some four months to unite and the latter only took about one month.

The transverse fracture is more readily healed and is less liable to contraction of the leg, for the reason that the broken parts in the transverse fracture slip on account of the muscular contraction and the parts of the broken bone are not opposite. The leg must be extended so as to bring the broken parts together, and there may be counter-extension of the leg until the fracture heals.

In the present case the broken parts of the bone were not brought together, or if that was properly done, they were suffered to slip back, so that the final union was made with the bone overlapping one and one-quarter inches, making a marked deformity and shortening the leg more than was necessary. The overlapping ends of the bones were not parallel or at an angle, causing an unnatural prominence at the outward part of the thigh and a like depression to the inner parts of the thigh.

In this case the evidence was so convincing by reason of the physical exhibitions of the plaintiff's leg, and the physicians and surgeons called as experts being unable to break down the apparent unskillfulness of the defendant, the jury was directed by the court to determine from all the facts whether or not the surgeon exercised the degree

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of care and skill required by the law. They very properly found he had not, and rendered a verdict for plaintiff. (To Be Continued.)

Address all communications to the writer in care of this Journal.

T

Testing Urine.

HERE is a good deal of monkey business about analyzing urine, especially by the smart aleck who has recently graduated from college, who knows everything but good, practical common sense.

The usual way these fellows take to decide whether a person is fit to be accepted by a life insurance company, is to first test the urine for sugar. In testing the urine they use Fehling's solution. This test is a very ticklish one, is wholly unnecessary and often misleading. So often as to be absolutely unreliable.

According to Coleman, the urine may be caused to reduce Fehling's solution, as well as to respond to some other tests for sugar by a large number of drugs, among which may be cited acetanilid, arsenous acid, salicylic acid, dilute hydrocyanic acid and sulphuric acid. Alcohol will also do the same thing. Amyl nitrite. Chloral. Chloroform.

Copabia.

Mercury. Morphine. Strychnine. Turpentine. And even glycerine. An applicant for life insurance may have taken some one of these drugs. Or may have And, eaten an unusually hearty meal. according to Fehling's solution, he is unfit for life insurance.

I had occasion, not long ago, to save one man from being scared to death about sugar diabetes. He was a strong, healthy man, but the doctor had given his urine test, using Fehling's solution, and had found sugar. He had found it repeatedly.

The man was subjecting himself to a rigid diet, and was consequently losing flesh. He was in a horrible condition of mind and body. Happening to meet him, I was surprised at his appearance. In reply to my inquiry he confided to me that he was afflicted with a fatal illness. He had sugar diabetes.

I sympathized with him, but expressed some doubt as to the accuracy of the di

agnosis. It resulted in our going together to the one who had made the analysis, and submitting an analysis of his urine, taken at the time, to what I considered a test.

It

Equal parts of the urine and liquor of potassa were put into a test tube. was thoroughly boiled, which did not change the color of the mixture at all. This to me was sufficient evidence that there was no sugar in the urine, or at least not enough to suspect a diseased condition.

We also put some of the urine in a bottle, added yeast, corked up the bottle tightly, kept it warm for twenty-four hours, and there was not the slightest

The

fermentation inside of the bottle. cork remained perfectly firm, and when removed there was no escape of gas whatever.

Here are two very practical, simple tests for urine, which if these wonderful chemists would employ instead of thé hifalutin tests they are in the habit of using, much confusion would be avoided.

By the consent of the one who had made this fellow's diagnosis, the man who was in great distress concerning sugar diabetes immediately resumed his usual diet. He recuperated rapidly, and is now a hale, hearty man, and has been so for at least two years.

Fehling's solution as a test for urine is something like the tuberculin test for consumption. They both shoot over the heads of people who are satisfied with common sense, and only add mystery to doubt.

If there is any desire to carry the investigation further, and not only ascertain the presence of quantities of sugar in the urine, but estimate what the relative quantity actually is, there is also a very simple operation.

Submit the urine to fermentation, as above described, through the use of yeast. When it is thoroughly fermented, filter and take the specific gravity of the filtered urine. This specific gravity, compared with the specific gravity before fermentation, furnishes data from which the actual quantity of sugar can be obtained. The first specific gravity gives

Having been a member of the I. O. O. F. for forty years, I know of what I speak, and the more years I add to those forty, the more will I preach Odd Fellowship or any other substantial society. Mr. Starr is not much taken up with the church, neither does he find dances to his satisfaction, and then he thinks about the expenditure of joining a society. That part of the business he would find but trifling after he has joined.

Let him stay in a place long enough to get thoroughly acquainted and show himself to be a gentleman, and any good member of any order will propose him as a candidate and he will be admitted to join, providing he has proved himself to be honest, sober and healthy.

Having become a member and cultivated the ability to mingle with the rest and show that he is an Odd Fellow, or whatever the name of the order is, he will soon find that he has plenty of friends, and friends he may trust.

Very correctly you advise him to do good to others and he will see the good return to him. Visit the sick, offer words of affection to your brother who requires consolation, relieve distress. If you cannot with hard coin, do so with little deeds of kindness. Help to bury the dead and console the widow is the command of our law, and should misfortune overtake you and you be sick, you will feel grateful when your

brother sits by your bedside and holds your hand in friendship.

Law will not, but love will reform the world and will also change the opinion of Mr. Walter Starr, if he should enter a society of the kind I mention. He

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must remember the saying, also, that "It is more blessed to give, than to receive.' That is, do not expect to receive unless you are willing to give. So much for Mr. Starr, and I know you will approve of what I said.

OR many ages tuberculosis has been the scourge of the human

race.

Medical science has been tireless in its efforts to find a remedy, and great intellects have in turn heralded some new discovery that promised relief to the afflicted. Some progress has been made along these lines, and yet at the present time it still remains the great "white plague" of the twentieth century.

In our own United States thousands fall victims to it annually-a number equal to any other three diseases combined. It is true that much has been learned within the past ten years of its true nature, and many excellent methods are in use for its relief; but it is also true that there is great ignorance of what Nature will do for the sufferers if they will only give her a chance instead of relying blindly upon the new theories that may or may not be of any value.

At no time in our lives will we so blindly accept advice upon our health as when we are stricken with this disease. We feel so helpless and there is such a horror in the hollow cough that we are apt to grasp at any straw that promises relief.

Just here lies the danger point. Instead of regarding it as a great problem to be solved-nine-tenths of it by ourselves-most sufferers rush to the nearest physician for some "tonic" that will build up their strength. They swallow creosote, try antitoxins, and for diet dozens of eggs and quarts of milk a day without any reference as to whether the system can assimilate it or not.

They swathe themselves with heavy. flannels and wear air-proof chest-protectors, or else they live and sleep in cold, draughty tents where they are never real and comfortably warm.

Worse than all else, they rush to some new climate where, instead of going very, very slow until their weak physical condition can adjust itself to the change, they expose themselves to the elements at any and all times, and take constant and taxing exercise to hurry up the cure.

On the other hand, others go to a consumptives' home, where their case is treated simply as one of a class and not on individual lines, and where the environment is so depressing that sensitive natures soon lose what little hope there was in their case. No matter how cheerful the physicians and attendants may be, nine-tenths of the environment is "disease," and it is a pretty hard proposition to think "health" in such surroundings-especially when we are in a life and death struggle with the dread destroyer ourselves.

As I have suggested previously, it should be regarded by the sufferer as a great and awful problem in his life, and all the forces of his nature should be rallied to aid in its solution. It is the greatest fallacy to depend entirely. upon medical advice in such a crisis, no matter how eminent it may be.

When God created our physical bodies he saw fit to place our head at the top, crowning it with the reasoning faculties, and at the pinnacle of these placed the seventh sense-that of intuition.

Among the lower animals this is termed "instinct," but in connection

with the higher gifts to man it becomes intuition. What more could infinite wisdom do to teach us to think for ourselves when the great problems of life confront us?

We do not follow blindly the advice of experts on finance or other vital questions of life. We seek information from every source available. Then we apply that knowledge to our own particular wants-that is, we do all this if we solve our life problems successfully.

In the first place, the sufferer from consumption must learn that the disease is constitutional and the lung affection only a symptom.

No germ of tuberculosis could gain a foothold in the lungs if the constitution had not been previously weakened. In average health the white corpuscles of the blood-the detectives and warriors for the defense of our bodies would frown upon any alien foe like that and visit capital punishment upon it in a hurry. Knowing this, our good common sense must reason out the cause of our weakened condition.

How came the blood and the entire system in this alarming state of weakness? What were the habits or the environments that led to this result? Search them out, whatever they may be, for therein lies the key to the treatment of the disease. You can do this much better than any physician can advise you, for you should know in a general way the plain laws of health you have violated. If not, it is high time that you study to understand them for yourself. Turn your back resolutely upon the paths that led to physical decay and take the opposite

direction.

With the causes of the trouble eliminated, the equation of the problem is greatly simplified. Then the next question is the particular hygiene or rules of health that will strengthen our constitution against the particular seat of disease.

The writer had a life and death struggle with this great foe a few years ago. Fourteen years in an extremely high altitude, great hardships from a strenuous life of mental and physical toil and excessive electrical conditions of the mountain atmosphere, all combined to bring about the right conditions for an attack of tuberculosis.

I realized my condition in time and made a determined and successful fight for my life. After much research and a long experience in applying the knowledge gained, I reduced the problem of consumption to the following personal solution:

First, in view of it as a constitutional disease, the remedies are in Nature and not in drugs.

Second, the cure, I believe, involves five cardinal principles, generally applicable to all cases and which I will name in order of importance.

They are: Air, food, rest, mental therapeutics and climate. These all include subdivisions, which may or may not be applicable to all cases, for each case has had its peculiar causes and must be handled accordingly.

Of these subdivisions and the special applications made of them in my own case, I will speak in a future article.

I

A New Vaccine.

T IS announced that after two years' experimenting a new vaccine has been discovered. This vaccine is supposed to prevent pneumonia, blood poisoning and typhoid fever.

The discovery was made in the laboratory of Tuft's Medical School, by Dr. Leary, head pathologist of that

school. This doctor is at work on a theory first advanced by Sir A. E. Wright, of London, that disease germs injected into the blood of living people. will create in the blood an antitoxin, which will kill all other disease germs. Following out this theory, this new vaccine has been prepared and it is