age, and state on relations of sequence-On the relation between our

perception of sequence, co-existence and difference, and their sensible

accompaniments-Mr. Spencer's view as to nervous relations-As to

the reality of an ontological order and nexus-Mr. Spencer's confusion

of the intellect with the sensible occasions of its activity-Mr. Lewes's

position-Agrees with Mr. Spencer fundamentally-Recapitulation-

Conclusion, that we may securely repose on the declarations of our

senses as to the existence and properties of external objects pp. 55-81

CHAPTER IV.

LANGUAGE.

"Rational language is a bond of connexion between the mental and materia.

worlds which is absolutely peculiar to man."

Language the bond between mind and matter-Language emotional and

rational-Rational language mental and bodily-Different categories

of language-External expression a necessary accompaniment of rational

animality-Prevalent confusion on the subject-Deaf mutes-Mr. Tylor

on savages-Sir John Lubbock-Conclusion

pp. 82-94

CHAPTER V.

DUTY AND PLEASURE.

"Perceptions of right and wrong, and of our power of choice, and consequent

responsibility, are universally diffused amongst mankind, and constitute an absolute

character separating man from all other animals."

The existence of moral conceptions a fact of nature-Are such conceptions

universal amongst mankind ?—A definition of morality-The distinctness

of the conception generally admitted-Needful cautions-Examples of

morality in savages-Mr. Tylor and Sir John Lubbock-Do moral

judgments contradict one another?-The popular modern school im-

plicitly denies morality-Mr. John Stuart Mill's self-contradiction in

this matter-The origin of the conception right "-Materially and

formally moral acts—Mr. Darwin's view-That moral perceptions are

simply the more enduring instincts-Mr. Darwin's instances-Mr.

Huxley's reply to Mr. Darwin's critics-Free-will-Mr. Herbert Spencer's

views-Conclusion .

66

pp. 95-127

CHAPTER VI.

MAN.

"The study of religious beliefs, of progress, or degradation, and of the community

of nature found in the most diverse races of men, show (together with language and

moral perception) that man differs fundamentally from brutes, while the anatomical

resemblances to animals which his frame exhibits in no way invalidate the

argument drawn from the study of mind, that his origin (like his nature) is

peculiar and distinct."

Other human characteristics to be studied besides language and moral per-

ception-Special call now for this study-Two conflicting hypotheses-

Test questions for these-Three new subjects of inquiry -Preliminary

note-First new subject, religion-Prejudices-Mistakes-Savage faiths

—Australians—Are the rudest religious ideas fundamentally like higher

ones ?-Sacrifice-Second new subject, progress-Mr. Mott's remarks-

Mr. Herbert Spencer's-Mr. Darwin's-Degradation certain-Adam-

His descendants-Rude people may be moral-Third new subject, com-

munity of nature-Conclusions-Man's body-His embryonic develop-

ment-Superficiality of Mr. Darwin's remarks on these subjects—

Necessary physical conditions of animal rationality, as to structure—

Man's resemblance to apes-As to development-Bearing of these matters

on man's origin-Mistakes as to reversion-Other mistakes-Mr. Darwin's

remarks as to insects—Man forms a kingdom by himself—Unity of human

races—What shall be the verdict as to man's origin?—Mr. Wallace's views

-Free-will-Conclusion
pp. 128-191

CHAPTER VII.

THE BRUTE.

"The highest psychical powers of animals resemble the lower psychical faculties

of man.
The brute is devoid of reason, and instinct is a peculiar function of the

material organism, automatic and blind."

Necessity of some recapitulation—Instinct, mode of studying it—The mode
in use generally defective-Reason for this-Results of introspection-
Organic and intellectual memory-List of the mind's higher powers-
Which are common to all mankind-Danger of a special fallacy-Instinct
cannot perform rational acts—But can do what reason cannot do-Mr.
Herbert Spencer's admissions-Mr. Darwin's anecdotes-As to brute ra-
tionality-Parity of psychical nature between very different animals—
Professor Huxley on animal rationality-Mr. Lewes's admissions-John
Müller-Man's lower psychical faculties-List of them-Their relation
to the psychical faculties of brutes—The development of the individual

-Human automatism-Curious views as to the nature of instinct-

What is instinct?-What it is-Unity of each organism-Definition of

instinct-Energy of matter-A new energy in man-Grounds of this

decision-Stupidity of animals—Conclusion

rp. 192-243

CHAPTER VIII.

LIKENESSES IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS.

"The facts of mimicry and of the various kinds of homology as exhibited in

comparative anatomy, teratology and pathology, reveal an internal force and

dynamic agency, the soul, in each animal, which forms one indissoluble unity with

its material frame."

Two kinds of likeness to be considered-Mimicry-Not to be explained by

accidental variations-This shown by plants-Second order of likenesses

-The number of these perceived varies with the direction of our attention

—Natural classification-Of parts and organs-Philosophical anatomists

-The vertebral theory of the skull-Analogous and homologous parts-

Likenesses not due to inheritance-Mr. Spencer's explanations-Indepen-

dent similarities-Homoplasts and homoplasy-Catalogue of homologies

-Not due to the survival of the fittest-Evidences from comparative

anatomy-From teratology-From pathology-Teleology-A resurrec-

tion-Development-Are there cranial vertebræ ?-Amphioxus-The

answer--A deeper question-Homology reveals internal forces-Or

"soul" in each animal-Mr. Lewes-Conclusion

pp. 244-279

CHAPTER IX.

NATURAL SELECTION.

The hypothesis of natural selection originally put forward as the origin of

species, has been really abandoned by Mr. Darwin himself, and is untenable. It

is a misleading positive term denoting negative effects, and, as made use of by those

who would attribute to it the origin of Man, is an irrational conception."

Futility of attempts to ignore internal forces-Origin of species, the author's

view-Mr. Darwin's original view-His later views-And admitted errors

-Consequent need of careful criticism-Professor Huxley's defence-

_Points contended for by the author-Differ from Mr. Darwin's view—

What is and is not implied in man's animality-Mr. Wallace's claims

to originality—Mr. Francis Galton's view-Mr. Darwin's style-He begs

the question he argues-Conclusion as to "natural selection."

rp. 280-301

CHAPTER X.

SEXUAL SELECTION.

"Sexual selection is an hypothesis which neither has been nor can be proved

true, but the falsehood of which is demonstrated by a mass of zoological data."

Sexual selection, an accessory hypothesis-Has been made to include two

distinct things-Marked characters certainly arise independently of it

-Insects-Fishes and reptiles-Beasts-Birds-Voice-Mr. Wallace

opposes Mr. Darwin-His hypothesis as to colour-Mr. Darwin opposes

Mr. Wallace's hypothesis-Need of an internal force—Its sufficiency—

Mr. Darwin influenced by à priori views-An illustration-Uncertain-

ties of the hypothesis-Sexual selection and man-Mr. Darwin's style

-Ancillary hypotheses needed-Conclusion as to sexual selection.

pp. 302-331

CHAPTER XI.

AN EPISODE.

"Mr. Chauncey Wright's criticism of the author's views having been repub-

lished and widely circulated by Mr. Darwin, the reply to that criticism is here

reproduced."

A digression induced by special circumstances-May be passed over without

detriment to the general argument-Mr. Chauncey Wright's criticism-

Mainly addressed to two points-The first of these-Sudden adaptive

modifications-Improper interpretations-Mr. Wright's second point-

Design and accident-Innate force-The inductive philosophy—Mr.

Wright on intellectual genius-The giraffe's neck-An advantage pos-

sessed by Mr. Darwin's theory which does not properly belong to it-

Critical details-An objection singular in a mathematician-An illustra-

tion in the growth of a tree-Vital forces-Verbal criticisms-Conclusion.

pp. 332-355

CHAPTER XII.

CAUSES.

"Truths vouched for by the intellect as positively necessary truths, compel our

acceptance of a First Cause with power, knowledge, wisdom and goodness, and

therefore prove the existence of final causes also-the existence of a personal

God being the ultimate lesson taught by Nature, that as to its own cause.'

The axiom of causation-Science points to no beginning-But either to a

Pantheistic first cause-Or one distinct from the universe-Together with

final causation-Thus supplying a key to evolution-Mr. Spencer's

evolutionary formula-" Purpose" as shown in Nature-Formal law of

evolution-Non-theistic views-Mr. Spencer's-Professor Huxley's-The

unknowable-Five objections to theism-First objection, prodigality of

Nature-An old answer-Second objection-Third objection, pain and

death-Sufferings of brutes-Apparently unworthy phenomena-Fourth

objection, evolution negatives creation-Fifth objection, anthropomor-

phism-Conclusion
pp. 356-376

CHAPTER XIII.

CONSEQUENCES.

"The consequences which flow from the acceptance or rejection of the teach-

ing here advocated are and must be most momentous both to individuals and

the community. Those who reject it are logically driven into extreme and

irrational negation. Its bearing upon conduct is direct, and must necessarily

powerfully affect the future through popular education. Such consequences may

rationally serve to reinforce conclusions before arrived at on other grounds."

Various consequences, speculative and practical-Consequences of contro-

versies before noticed-As to the Ego-As to the will-As to God-The

immortality of the soul-Two phraseologies-Peculiar nature of man's

soul-Consequences of rejecting Theism-Professor Tyndall's teaching-

Mr. Spencer's teaching-Professor Huxley's teaching-Other declarations

-General result-Intolerance of modern infidels-Atheism inconsistent

with toleration-Practical consequences-Is truth necessarily desirable?

-Some propositions with ethical applications-Purity of intention-

Sexual relations-Conduct in public men less influential than teaching

- An objection to legal restrictions on marriage - Consequences as

regards popular education-The Rev. William Mackintosh-A positive

compromise-Need of a belief in future rewards and punishments-Two

ambiguities-Education should stimulate the highest powers-Motives

which move men to act—M. Le Play-Responsibility of public teachers

~Characters of the Agnostic philosophy-Dislike of religion sometimes

induces the acceptance of that philosophy-Conclusion.
pp. 377-421

CHAPTER XIV.

A POSTSCRIPT.

"This postscript is called for by an unamended republication by Professor

Huxley of his criticism on the 'Genesis of Species,' of which he in part misappre-

hends, in part misrepresents the arguments. A Theist should anticipate a

revelation. The Christian revelation asserts creation, but at the same time lays

down principles which so harmonize with Evolution that no contradiction car.

arise in this respect between its doctrines and physical science. This harmony

must be preordained."

This postscript specially called for-Reason expects revelation-Modern
philosophy has diverged from this attitude-Mr. Spencer and evolution
-Evolution welcomed by Antichristians-Rational attitude of a Theist