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ident James Madison died, Æ 85. At Red-Hook, near New-York, Edward Livingston, late Secretary of State for the United States, minister to France, etc. In New-York, General Jacob Morton. In Brooklyn, NewYork, Colonel J. M. Gamble, of the Marine Corps. At Sandy Hill, New York, Lieutenant-governor Nathaniel Pitcher. In Pennsylvània, Æ 88, Bishop White, of the Episcopal Church. On Staten Island, September 13th, at the age of 81, Colonel Aaron Burr, celebrated as a politician. In Indiana, Colonel Francis Vigo, celebrated as a patriot. In Texas, at the massacre of the Alamo, March 1st, colonels Bowie, Travis, and Crockett, In Delaware, Governor Bennett. Of the United States' Senate, R. H Goldsborough, from Maryland. Of the House of Representatives, Messrs. Dickson, of Mississippi; Coffee, of Georgia; and Kinnard, of Indiana In London, George Coleman the younger, aged 74. In Manchester, Eng land, Madame Malibran, vocalist, 28. In Edinburgh, Sir J. Sinclair In Germany, Baron N. M. Rothschild, millionaire, of London. In Rome, "the holy city," Cardinal Cheverus, formerly of Boston. In Paris, l'Abbé Sieyes, 88. In France, during the month of November, sixty-six persons by suicide. At Illyria, in exile, Charles X., formerly king of France. A. D. 1837.-On the 4th of March, Mr. Van Buren, of New-York, and Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, became president and vice-president of the United States. This result, although the election was narrowly contested, was looked upon as a triumph of the Jackson-democracy; and, indeed, Mr. Van Buren's administration was, in its general policy, a continuation of that of his predecessor. His cabinet consisted of John Forsyth, of Georgia, Secretary of State; Levi Woodbury, of New-Hampshire, Secretary of the Treasury; Joel R. Poinsett, of South-Carolina, Secretary of War; James K. Paulding, of New-York, Secretary of the Navy; Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, Postmaster General; Benjamin F. Butler, of NewYork, Attorney General. The great aim of the "favourite son of NewYork," seemed unquestionably to follow in the footsteps of the "old hero;" and to an undue and determined pressure upon the people of a certain democratic measure, having in view a further "reform of the currency," Mr. Van Buren owes his subsequent political overthrow. The whole strength of the party proved insufficient to sustain the weight of his fatal sub-treasury scheme.

As if to add to the confusion of the times, no sooner had this administration assumed the reins, than the country was overwhelmed by one of the most severe commercial revulsions ever known. Everywhere in the nation a fictitious enlargement of business had been permitted, and now the reaction, which in all such cases, sooner or later must come, took place with fearful force. As early as 1833 a derangement had been felt, and a further extension of business upon an uncertain foundation was then by all men of moderation deprecated; but the operations were nevertheless continued-immense importations of foreign goods were made—and real estate, especially lots in cities and towns, went up a hundred fold, not to say in many cases a thousand fold, beyond its intrinsic value. A multitude of state banks, which had been created upon the winding up of the mammoth United States' institution, were likewise involved in the manifold speculations, and a consequent excessive expansion of their currency ensued, contributing to make matters much worse. Operations of great magnitude were undertaken by companies of various discriptions, chartered and unchartered; enormous public works were commenced, and states as well as smaller compacts were involved. Even staid and sober individuals-men holding offices of trust and large amounts of government funds-were deluded into the mad vortex of the day, and all committed to their charge was speedily dissipated.

On the 10th of May, the banks of the city of New-York suspended specie payments; and those in the country on every side soon after fo

lowed the example. The fever of speculation had reached its crisis; and the immense and unprecedented "panic of "37" was inevitably the result So vast and unusual were its ramifications, that the interposition of Congress was considered alone sufficient to save the country from indiscrimi nate bankruptcy. As it was, during the short space of three weeks, in the city of New-York, not less than two hundred and fifty houses stopped payment; and a list of failures, including only the more considerable, and omitting a multitude of lesser note, exhibits a total amount of more than sixty millions of dollars. "All credit, all confidence, was at an end."

The general government became entangled in the unusual embarrassment, as its own funds were for the most part parcelled out among the repudiating banks. In this state of things, the president summoned an extra session of Congress, which commenced on the 4th of September; and here the first trial of strength between parties took place, in the House of Representatives, on the occasion of electing a speaker-the administration proving victorious by a small majority, in the re-election of Mr. Polk, of Tennessee. The president, in his message, confined himself strictly to the proposition of measures for relief of the country. In accordance with his recommendation, and for the purpose of guarding against any disagreeable contingency, Congress passed laws immediately for preserving inviolate the integrity of government. The finance committee of the senate reported four bills, viz:

1. To suspend payment to the states of the fourth instalment of surplus revenue, until the 1st of January, 1839.

2. To provide for the issue of ten millions of treasury notes, to be receivable in payment of public dues.

3. To authorize the warehousing in bond of imported goods, for a term not exceeding three years.

4. To effect a separation of the fiscal operations of government from those of corporations or individuals.

These measures were readily sanctioned by the senate-but in the house, the last-mentioned one failed.

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The extra session concluded its labours and adjourned on the 16th o October. Six weeks thereafter, on the 1st Monday in December, as usual the members reassembled, and commenced their regular session. The president, in his opening message, still dwelt upon the currency, and pressed with some considerable pertinacity his favourite measure regulate the keeping and disbursement of the public funds." The gentlemen of the house, as if to relieve the sad and monotonous character of their proceedings, presently broke into an entirely novel and exhilerating course of action. At the commencement of its session, the Ilouse had passed a resolution that all petitions relative to the subject of slavery should be laid on the table without being read, and without further notice of any kind. During one of the sittings of the House, Mr. Adams, who had been very much opposed to that resolution, thus addressed the chair:

"I hold in my hand, sir, a paper purporting to be signed by slaves; will it be in order, under the rules of the House, to present it?"

The effect produced by this question upon the members from the slaveholding states, needs not to be described. A tumult arose; some were for expelling Mr. Adams outright; others were satisfied with the milder expedient of a vote of censure. Many were the resolutions tendered to the House, some with and some without preambles, but all denouncing the man who would dare to present a petition from slaves, or one praying for the abolition of slavery. The debate grew warmer and warmer, the resolutions fell fast one upon the other, and several hours already had elapsed, when Mr. A., a tranquil listener all this time, and as if in nowise concerned in the matter, rose quietly and observed,

"That he had only asked if it would be in order to present the paperthat so far from being for the abolition of slavery, it prayed for its continuance and that, in addition, it prayed that he, Mr. Adams, and all the other abolitionists in Congress, might be expelled therefrom."

Upon this statement, the uproar was increased tenfold; the defenders of the twenty-first rule became sensible of the ludicrous nature of the whole affair, and endeavoured to quiet the storm, and turn the tables, by insisting upon "the dignity of Congress" and so forth.

Incredible as it may seem, the debate arising out of this affair lasted three days longer, and at last ended in a compromise, when it was voted by a large majority, that slaves had no right to petition, and that any attempt to present such a petition would be deemed disorderly, and a direct violation of the constitution. It appeared subsequently, that the paper creating this disturbance had been got up in Virginia, and was signed by some free blacks, and transmitted to J. Q. Adams for the purpose merely of insulting him.

Washington, this season, was all astir with novelties. Early in the year, a deputation of "braves" from the Sioux, and other tribes of the Far West, arrived, as well on a visit to the seat of government as for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace and amity with the United States. They of course attracted no little attention in the city of "magnificent distances;" indced, they were altogether as remarkable a collection of the sons of the forest, as had perhaps ever before been seen there together at one time. They partook in an unusual degree of the character of "lions;" being represented as thinking themselves of very considerable consequence, if not in a mental, certainly in a physical point of view. At all events, they bestowed an extraordinary degree of pains upon their personal appearance, whenever about to attend one of the many levees to which they were invited. Paint, of the most glaring colors, was profusely bestowed upon their herculean frames and brawny faces the former being about as nearly denuded as that of a fashionable belle at a ball-and particular care being taken, usually, to mark a ferocious black ring around either their mouth or one eye. The names of these dandysavages, as, indeed, those of others, are considered among themselves indicative of character: they are at least curious, and are here appended, as copied from the treaty with our government which they signed in Washington prior to leaving:

his

The Upsetting Wind x; Grey Iron x; Big Thunder x ; Walking Buf

mark.

falo ; Good Road X; Standing Cloud ; Afloat X; White Man X: Iron Cloud X; He that comes last X; He that shakes the earth X The Son of Handsome Voice X; The Dancer X; The Big Iron X He that runs after the clouds x; The Red Road x; The Bad Hail X The Eagle Head X; He that stands on both sides X; The Walking Circle ; The Red Lodge X.

IOWAS.

Nan-che-hing-ga, "The No Heart;"

Ne-o-mun-ne, "The_Walking Rain" Wah-che-mon-ne, "The Partizan;""Tah-ro-hon, "Plenty of Meat."

SACS OF MISSOURI.

Ar-ça-qua, The Porcupine;" Cha-ca-pe-wa, "The Standing Day;" Po-ca-ma, "The Plumb" No-po-cah-wa, "The Wolf;" Am-mo-ni, “The Swallow," Haw-che-ke-sog-e, "He who strikes in war.'

GRAND PAWNEE BAND..

Shouk-ka-ke-he-gah, "The Horse Chief;" La-char-ce-tau-rooks, “ The Fearless;" La-doo-kee-ah," Buffalo Bull;" Ah-shaw-wah-rooks-te, "The Medicine Horse."

PAWNEE TAPAGE BAND.

La-kee-too-we-ra-sha, "The Little Chief;" La-pa-koo-ra-cha, "Principal Partizan" Loo-ra-we-re-coo," Bird that goes to war;" Sa-ta-coosh-ca-roo mah-ah, "Partizan that sings.'

ઠંડ

REPUBLICAN PAWNEE BAND.

Ye-ah

Ah-shaw-la-coots-ah, "Mole in the forehead;" La-shaw-le-staw-hicks, "The Man Chief;" La-we-re-coo-re-shaw-we, "The War Chief ke-ra-le-re-coo, "The Cheyenne."

PAWNEE LOUPS.

Le shaw-loo-la-le-hoo, "The Big Chief;" So-loc-to-hoo-la, "Handsome. Pipe in his hand;" La-wa-he-coots-ta-shaw-no, "The Brave Chief;" Shar e-tar-rush, "The Ill-natured Man."

OTTON TRIBE.

・Waw-eo-ne-sah, "He who surrounds;" No-way-ke-sog-e," He who strike. two at once;” Kaw-no-way-waw-nap, "Loose pipe stem;" We-kee-roo-taw "He who exchanges."

OMAHAW TRIBE.

Ki-kee-gah-wa-shu-she, "The Brave Chief;" Om-pa-tong-gah, "The Big Elk;" Sha-da-nou-ne, "There he goes;" Nom-bah-mon-ne, "He who

walks double."

Much has been said of the injustice and rapacity of the United States' government in wresting from the aborigines their lands, and forcing the removal of the "unfortunate people" beyond the Mississippi. Faultfinders are generally wrong; those who have grumbled upon this subject particularly so. By reference to state papers, at Washington, it will be found that the utmost value, has always been paid the savages for the relinquishment of their possessions east of the great river-and their comfortable establishment upon the western side in all cases guaranteed them. The Sioux, on this occasion, proposed to transfer to the United States what claim they had to about five millions of acres east of the "father of waters ;" and in consideration therefor, received, in proper instalments, $1,000,000. The Winnebagoes, shortly after, disposed also of their right and title, except for hunting purposes, to a strip running back twenty miles from the river, and received for the same, the very comfortable bonus of $1,500,000. A few years previous to this, the general government paid to the Cherokees, upon their leaving the state of Georgia, $5,000,0001 The tribe at that time numbering so few that the average for each man was not less than five hundred dollars-besides a free transportation to an equally rich and extensive domain farther west, in the which they were comfortably established; and their freedom from interference or aggres sion at the hands of hostile or more powerful tribes was made doubly certain, by their being still publicly recognized as under the protection o

the United States. Yet, what an uproar was there raised on that occasion! Scarcely an opponent of the president or his party, but at once denounced, in terms the most unqualified, the cruelty, barbarism and injustice of the administration, in inducing in those unsophisticated and simple Indians a determination, for filthy lucre's sake, to "desert their father's bones!"

Michigan was at this session of Congress admitted a state; making the twenty-sixth, and twice the original number declaring for independence in the year '76-doubling the number in half a century, and trebling the population. Messrs. Lyon and Norvell appeared as senators from the new state, and being duly qualified, took their seats. Mr. Crary was her first member in the House of Representatives.

In the pleasant town of Alton, Illinois, on the Upper Mississippi, a riot, resulting in bloodshed, unhappily occurred in the month of November. It appears, that the Rev. Mr. Lovejoy, an abolitionist, with a few others holding similar opinions, had resolved upon establishing a paper in this place, for the dissemination of religious principles and their peculiar views. The majority of citizens being opposed to such a measure, duly notified the reverend gentleman and his friends, that they would not be allowed to carry into effect their intentions. Instead of regarding this expression of “public opinion," they inconsiderately determined to continue their operations. The press and printing materials were landed, and carefully stored in a large stone warehouse near the wharf, in which it was understood Mr. L. and his friends had determined to make a stand, and were prepared with arms and ammunition, to defend their property. Night had no sooner arrived, than the populace, with shouts and missiles, made their appearance before the stronghold of the misguided religionists; here they demanded entrance and a parley; which being of course refused, they commenced, in some sort, an assault upon the building. Now, to complete the folly of its inmates, a shot was fired from an upper window, which took effect in the mob, mortally wounding one said to be merely a spectator. Fireballs were thereupon furnished to the assailants, who hurled them from every direction upon the roof of the store-house, and a fire was speedily kindled in several places. Fire-arms were also procured, and the slaying of the stranger was soon to be avenged. Perceiving too late that his fortress was untenable, Mr. L. attempted to escape-but fell, before taking many steps, pierced with bullets. His associates yielded themselves up, and were suffered to depart unharmed; but the mischievous press and types, which had mainly caused the trouble, were instantly carted down to the river's bank, and, being broken in pieces, were sunk, some forty fathoms deep.

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Treaties were this year concluded with a number of half-civilized and barbarous nations; i. e., the American Indians, modern Greece, Siam, and Muscat. By the very liberal and enlightened interference of the ruling European powers, Greece had lately been rescued frem the unwarrantable usurpation and galling thraldom of the Turks. A government had been organized for the Greeks, and King Otho set upon the throne. An accredited agent of the United States had been established in Athens, near the court of his majesty; and a commercial arrangement was now negotiated between the two countries, reflecting honour in a high degree upon the liberal policy which dictated it.

At the royal city of Bankok, in the kingdom of Siam, a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded, between Edmund Roberts on the part of the United States of America, and Chau Phaya Phraklang, first minister of state for his magnificent majesty of the kingdom aforesaid. It was there done on the last day of the fourth month of the year Pi marong-chakara-sok ("of the dragon"), and here finally ratified by his excellency Martin Van Buren, on the 24th of June.