miles, an area greater than that of Australia. On the Antarctic lands mosses and lichens were found, but the only flower-bearing plant was a grass of the genus Aira. A small form of fly, a Podurella, and three or four species of mites, represent the land fauna. Racovitza inclines to the opinion that the former Antarctic land fauna was destroyed during the great glacial period. ANTARCTIC OCEAN. The name Antarctic Ocean is given to the sea waters lying within the Antarctic regions, and since the great continents do not extend so far south as the assumed limits of the Antarctic regions, this ocean has no outside continental land boundaries, and its waters merely mingle with those of the Pacific, the Indian, and Atlantic oceans without any significant lines of separation. Between the latitude of Cape Horn and the Antarctic lands the whole circumference of the globe presents an unbroken expanse of waters, save for a few islands here and there. The floor of the Antarctic gradually shoals from the middle latitude depths toward the South Pole. There are some embayments running toward the Pole which show depths of two to three thousand fathoms, which equal the depths on the outer boundary; but the results of soundings by the Belgica expedition in 1898 and of a study of the currents seem to show that the various land areas now grouped together and called the outer edge of the Antarctic continent rise up from broad shallows or elevated plateaus about two to five hundred feet below the surface of the ocean. In general, at lat. 60° S., the waters of the Antarctic Ocean have an average annual temperature at the surface of 29°.8 F., which is warmer than the average temperature of the air in the same latitude (28°.7 F.). At great depths and near the ocean floor the water temperature is between 32° F. and 35° F., but between these depths and the surface there is usually found a wedge-shaped layer of water with a temperature varying from 28° F. to 32° F.

The Antarctic drift is mainly from the west on the outer border and from the southwest and south at the interior of the Antarctic region. There are two great Antarctic currents: one crosses the Antarctic circle toward the north, between long. 120° and long. 140° W., but swerves toward the east in lat. 50°, and near the South American continent separates, part going northward past Peru, and part preserving its eastward movement past Cape Horn, whence it returns to the Antarctic between long. 60° E. and 80° E.; the other current crosses the Antarctic Circle, going north between long. 80° and long. 100° E., and swerves to the eastward, forming the west Australian current. The floor deposits of the ocean are, in the outer region, globigerina ooze, along and for some distance within the Antarctic Circle terrigenous deposits of blue mud, etc., and in the interior region immediately surrounding the land, but extending from 10° to 20° from it, pteropod ooze.

The waters are full of life at all depths. Algæ are abundant, but pteropods and foraminifera decrease in numbers as the Pole is approached. The deep sea fauna is richer than that of any other region visited by the Challenger in its voyage of exploration. A small whalebone whale, the grampus, the pilot whale, seal, penguins, skua, and teal all live in the Antarctic or on its shores. Fish have not been found in large numbers, but must be somewhat abundant, as their

remains are found in the stomachs of the peuguins and seals. No traces of land mammals have ever been found on the Antarctic shores.

The winds at the interior of the Antarctic region are probably directed spirally outward from the polar centre, so that they blow as southeast winds; but on the outer border winds are generally from the west, perhaps mostly from the northwest, rather than from the southwest. The annual precipitation immediately around the South Pole is probably less than 10 inches, but this increases to about 25 inches on the outer boundary of the Antarctic continental lands, from whence there is probably a poleward decrease. The average summer temperatures are below 30° F. within most of the Antarctic Circle: this is the lowest summer temperature observed on the surface of the globe. It may be that the Antaretic winters are not so cold as the Arctic winters, on account of the great expanse of water encir cling the Antarctic land-masses, but it is more likely that there is little difference in the winter temperatures near the two poles. The lowest winter temperature observed in lat. 70° S. was about -45° F. During a year in lat 70° and lower, the Belgica experienced 257 days with snowfall and 14 days of rain.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Murray, "Antarctic Research,” Geographical Journal, Volume III. (London, 1894); Fricker, The Antarctic Regions (London, 1900); Cook, Through the First Antarctic Night (New York, 1900). For history of Antarctic exploration and map of Antarctic regions, see POLAR RESEARCH.

ANTARES, ăn-tā'rēz (Gk. 'Avrápns, Antarès, like Ares, or Mars; from àvrí, anti, against, opposite, compared with+Apns, Ares, Mars). A red star, thought by the ancients to resemble Mars (q.v.). It is a double star, and the most conspicuous in the constellation Scorpio. Anta res is often of use to navigators in finding longitude.

ANT'-BEAR'. The great ant-eater.

ANT-BIRD, ANT-CATCHER, ANT-THRUSH, etc. See ANT SHRIKE.

ANT'-EAT'ER. Any of various ant-eating mammals, especially those of the South American Edentate family Myrmecophagidae. The head in this family is remarkably elongated, with a slender, tubular muzzle, and a small, toothless mouth, with a long, vermiform, protrusile tongue. The eyes and ears are very small. The legs are massive, and the toes united as far as the base of the claws, which are very large and strong, and are turned under the fore-feet as the animal walks. The great ant-eater, tamanoir, or antbear (Myrmecophaga jubata), a native of the tropical forests of South America, is about? feet high and 4 feet long without the tail, which is 21⁄2 feet long. The compressed body is covered with long hair, gray, strikingly marked by a black breast-band, which narrows back to the top of the shoulders, while the fore-legs and feet are white. The hair is especially long upon the back and tail, which can be curled over the back, and is said to be held there as a shield during rain. The animal dwells in the dense forest, but is wholly terrestrial and does not burrow. It is timid, slow, and inoffensive, but at bay is able to defend itself effectively by means of its long fore-claws, with which it hugs and tears its enemy. These powerful claws are of service in tearing down the hills of the termites

ANT-EATER.

and ants, upon which it principally subsists. These are taken by means of the long tongue, which is covered with a sticky secretion from great salivary glands; this tongue is thrust among the disturbed ants or laid in their path, and, when a number have adhered to it, is drawn into the mouth.

Only one young one is said to be produced annually, so that the creature is nowhere numerous; nor is this to be regretted, for it has few, if any, qualities to recommend it to man's attention. Another species, the tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), is much smaller, has a shorter head and short, bristly hair, and a slender, prehensile tail; its body is black, while the head, neck, fore-limbs, and hind-quarters are yellowish-white -a strange dress, varying a good deal among individuals. It also dwells in the equatorial forest of America, but is wholly arboreal, seeking its insect food and making its home in trees. A third species, the little, or two-toed, ant-eater (Cycloturus didactylus), is not larger than a rat, is clothed in silky fur, and dwells altogether in trees, for which its long, prehensile tail and curious feet have become especially modified; another species inhabits Costa Rica. For portraits of the three species mentioned above, see plate of ANT-EATERS.

Other animals called ant-eaters are: (1) The manids, or scaly ant-eaters. (See PANGOLIN.) (2) The aark-vark (q.v.) (3) The porcupine ant-eaters, or Echidna. (See ECHIDNA.) (4) The Australian insectivorous marsupials of the genus Myrmecobius, as Myrmecobius fasciatus, of West Australia, about as large as a squirrel, chestnut red, with white and dark stripes on the back. It has a long, slender tongue, like a true ant-eater, but it has more teeth than any other living mammal. It scratches open ant-hills for its food. (See plate of PHALANGERS.) (5) Any of various ant-eating birds.

AN'TEDILU'VIAN (Lat. ante, before + diluvium, flood). A word used to denote whatever existed before the Flood. The antediluvian ages are those which elapsed before the Flood; and in theological language, the antediluvian religion means the religion of the patriarchs from Adam to Noah. In geology, the antediluvian period had no reference to the Deluge recorded in the Mosaic narrative, but signified only the final transformation of the earth by means of water. The term is not in current use at the present

time.

AN'TEDON. See CRINOID.

AN'TEFIX (Lat. neut. pl. antefixa, from ante, before+fixus, fastened, fixed). A terracotta or marble decoration along the edge of the

ANTEFIX.

roof of classic buildings, covering the end of the row of semi-circular tiles placed over the joints

ANTELOPE.

of the flat tiles on the roof. They were upright slabs, usually decorated with a single head or an anthemion, although sometimes they were composed of entire figures or even groups. The Etruscans developed this form of roof ornament even more than the Greeks.

ANTELAMI, än'tâ-lä'mê, BENEDETTO. A north Italian architect and sculptor of the twelfth century; one of the most notable artists preceding Nicola Pisano. His masterpiece is the baptistery at Parma with its numerous and important sculptures.

AN'TELOPE (Gk. avvóλo, antholops, a horned animal). Any of many hollow-horned ruminants forming a group (formerly esteemed the family Antilopidae) within the family Bovidæ, and usually classified between the cattle ular use, often includes on the one hand a group and goats. The English word, in its widest poprepresented by the chamois and the Rocky Mountain goat, preferably designated goat-antelopes; and on the other the American antelope or pronghorn (q.v.), which belongs to a quite different family. Scientifically, as now restricted by R. Lydekker and recent students, the term excludes these forms. The group cannot be demarked from other bovines by definite characters, yet as a whole it is easily recognized by the graceful build of its members (exhibited in the accompanying illustrations), their short hair, lively colors, manner of carrying the head uplifted, and which may or may not be present in the females, the absence of a goat-like beard. "The horns, are generally long, more or less cylindrical, and often lyrate in shape; while they are frequently marked with prominent rings and have an upright direction. Their bony internal cores, instead of being honeycombed, as in the oxen, sheep and goats, are nearly solid throughout. These animals generally have a gland beneath the eye, by which they are distinguished from the oxen and goats."-(Lydekker). In size they vary from a foot in height to the bigness of a large horse. Almost all are timid, peaceable animals, with small means of defense, and trusting for safety to the agility and fleetness in which they excel. Most of them inhabit plains, and these are highly gregarious; a few are found only in mountainous regions, while others dwell in pairs or small bands in jungles and deep forests. Paleontologists inform us that antelopes are the most generalized members of the Bovida now existing, and "since they are also its oldest known representatives, it is probable that from them have been derived the more specialized types,"-oxen, sheep, goats, etc.

Though now wholly restricted to Asia and Africa, the antelopes had formerly a wide distribution in Europe and Asia alone. Their disappearance from Europe and spread into Africa within recent times (geologically speaking), and their enormous multiplication there, form one of the most remarkable incidents in the history of the mammalia. When South Africa was first penetrated by Europeans, many species were found ranging its grassy plains in enormous herds, which formed the principal resource for animal food of the natives and a great number of carnivorous animals. This continued until the middle of the nineteenth century, when the rapid spread of English and Dutch colonization swept them away. Vast numbers were wasted by sportsmen and reckless colonists, or were killed for the sake of their flesh and hides, until

now the great herds have disappeared from the remotest veldts, many species a few years ago numbered by tens of thousands are reduced to scattered bands, and others have become wholly extinct. The wide and rapid destruction of these abundant, valuable, and beautiful animals can be paralleled elsewhere only by the swift extermination of the American bison. Several species are represented only by small bands preserved upon private estates.

Antelopes fall into certain groups having a common resemblance. These will be outlined here, leaving the reader to consult for details the separate articles upon individual species, the most important of which will be found described in their alphabetical places. One collocation is that of the antelopine gazelles, including a large number of species elegantly shaped and colored, as a rule not exceeding 30 inches in height, with hairy muzzles and teeth resembling those of goats, and with ringed and usually lyrate or spiral horns; they inhabit deserts from the Cape of Good Hope to India. Here among less noteworthy kinds, fall the familiar ariel and other gazelles, the black-buck of India, the saiga, chiru, springbok, impalla, and the like. Another group (cervicaprine) is represented by the small African reed-bucks, the larger water-bucks, cobus, etc., the smaller rehboks and klipspringer, and the diminutive steinboks. A third (cephalophine) group is composed of the duikerboks and other forest-ranging species of Africa, among which are the smallest known ruminants, the least (see GUEVI) being only 13 inches tall. Only the males of these are provided with horns, and one species (see CHOUSINGA) has four horns. These pygmies are connected with the cattle by the alcephaline antelopes, all large African species characterized by their much greater height at the withers than at the rump, and by having horns in both sexes, the cores of which are cellular as in oxen; prominent examples are the hartbeests, blesbok, bontebok, and gnus. Diverging oppositely from the typical gazelles toward the goats, the hippotragine section has been made to include very large African antelopes having long, stout, ringed horns in both sexes, such as the sable and roan antelopes, the extinct blanbok, addax, gemsbok and allied species. Another set of large species is the tragelaphine, represented in India by the nilgai, and in Africa by the bushbuck, koodoo, eland, etc. They are the largest, most valuable, and andsomest of all, their ground colors being bright and often ornamented or "harnessed" with conspicuous stripes, while their faces are beautifully marked. Consult: For former abundance in Africa, Harris, Game

Animals of Africa (London, 1840), with colored folio plates; Lichtstein, Saügethiere und Vögel aus dem Kaffernlande (Berlin, 1842); and the narratives of Livingstone, Gordon Cumming, Andersson, Drummond, Baker, Schweinfurth, Selons, and similar explorers and sportsmen. For more modern conditions. Millais, A Breath from the Veldt (London, 1895); and Bryden, Nature and Sport in South Africa (London, 1897). For Asiatic species, Baker, Wild Beasts and their Ways (London, 1890); Blanford, Fauna of British India: Mammals (London, 1888). For zoology, Sclater and Thomas, The Book of the Antelopes (London, 1896) Brooke, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1871-73).

For the so-called antelope of western North America, see PRONGHORN.

AN'TENA'TI (Lat. nom. plur. of antenatus, from ante, before + natus, born). In law and history persons born before a certain time or event, especially with reference to the existence of rights which are claimed. The term is specifically applied: (a) To children born before the marriage of their parents. By the common law of England such children are held to be bastards and do not become legitimate upon the subsequent marriage of their parents, whereas in the civil and canon law antenati are legitimate and capable of inheriting the real property of the father as if born after marriage. The commonlaw rule prevails in the United States excepting where it has been changed by statute. (See BASTARD; HEIR; LEGITIMACY.) (b) In English history, to those natives of Scotland who were born before the accession of the Scotch King James VI. to the throne of England as James I., and whose status as English citizens was therefore disputed. (c) In American history, to Americans born in this country before the Declaration of Independence; and, also, to those citizens of the colony of New York who were born during the period of Dutch sovereignty and who survived the transfer of the territory and government to the English crown. The property rights of the antenati. and, to a certain extent, the benefits of the Dutch law were expressly preserved to them by the articles of capitulation, 1664. Consult the historical introduction to the Grolier Club, Facsimile of Bradford's Laws of New York, 1694 (New York, 1894).

NEXATION.

See the articles ALLEGIANCE; ÂN

ANTEN'NÆ. See INSECT.

Neo-Lat. a feeder; born of an insect). A class of AN'TENNA'TA (Lat. antenna, sail-yard, Arthropoda characterized by the possession of one pair of preoral feelers, three parts of oral limbs and head distinctly marked off from the trunk; respiration by tubular trachea, opening exter nally by segmentally arranged openings called stigmata. The class is divided into two subclasses: Myriapoda, or centipedes, etc., and Her apoda, or insects (qq.v.).

ANTE NOR (Gk. 'Avrývwp, Anténōr). The wise Trojan who advised his fellow-citizens to send Helen back to her husband. In return for his friendliness to the Greeks, his house was spared during the sack of Troy. A later version represents him as betraying the city. Legends differ about him: one is that he built a city on the site of Troy; others make him the founder of various cities in northern Italy, or Cyrene.

ANTENOR ('Avτývwp). An Athenian sculptor of the sixth century B.C. He made the original statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, which were carried to Susa by Xerxes (480 B.C.). After the conquest of Persia, they were restored by Alexander the Great, and were set up in the Ceramicus, where they were placed originally.

AN'TEPEN'DIUM (Lat. ante, before + pendere, to hang). A hanging in front of the altar. As the earliest Christian altars were usually tables of wood or marble, it was customary during service to hang or set in front of them a richly decorated piece of stuff or metal relief. See ALTAR.

ANTEQUERA, än'tå-kā?rå (anciently Antiquaria). An important manufacturing town in the province of Malaga, Spain, situated in a fer