APATITE.

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deposits of rock phosphate or amorphous phosphate of lime have seriously injured the Canadian trade. Amorphous phosphate is a name given to non-crystalline deposits of phosphate of lime occurring in or less abundance at certain localities and of importance as a source of fertilizer. In the United States the most important deposits are in South Carolina, Florida, and Tennessee, but a small supply has also been obtained from Pennsylvania. The Florida deposits which have been worked since 1888, are found near the western coast. They occur as lumps imbedded in clay, known as Rock Phosphate; in pebble agglomerations, known as Land Pebble; or as a mixture of small pebbles and sand in the river bottoms called River Pebble.

The latter mixture is obtained by dredg ing, the sand being eventually separated by screening. The South Carolina deposits are found in an area about sixty miles long, between Charleston and Beaufort. The phosphate occurs in nodules buried in sand and clay, the productive bed being one to two feet thick. An acre yields four hundred to twelve hundred tons. The South Carolina district was opened up in 1867. Both the Florida and South Carolina deposits occur associated with rocks of Eocene and Miocene ages, and many teeth of sharks, elephants, etc., together with bones, are found with the phosphate. The phosphoric acid of the mineral is supposed to owe its origin to the accumulation of excrement and decaying animal matter deposited along the shores or in pools during Tertiary times, and to subsequent local replacement of limestone, or to concretionary segregation of phosphate of lime. In south Central Tennessee, the phosphate is associated with Devonian rocks. The phosphate industry of the United States has assumed great importance in recent years, and much of the material is shipped to foreign countries. The recent development of large deposits known to exist in Algiers, may cause serious competition with the American industry. Crude rock containing less than fifty per cent. of calcic phosphate, is unsalable. Silicious impurities are in ert, but alumina and ferric oxide are bad, because they tend to change the refined phosphate back to an insoluble condition. Lime, if present, neutralizes some of the sulphuric acid used in the manufacture of the fertilizer. The price of phosphate varies from year to year, and with its grade. That from Tennessee may bring as little as $1.60 per ton, while the hard rock from Florida may bring as much as $5.00 per ton. The importance of Canada as a producer of phosphate has been greatly lowered by the development of the American beds. Those of Florida have assumed great predominance, for the ease with which the material can be mined, and by reason of their proximity to shipping points; the latter feature having been an important factor in the development of a large export trade.

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For more particular information the reader is referred to the general paper by Adolphe Carnot: "Sur les variations observées dans la composition des apatites, Remarques sur le gisement et le mode de formation de ces phosphates" in the Annales des Mines, Volume X. (Paris, 1896). Papers descriptive of the phosphate deposits of particular regions are:

ner,

Bran

"The Phosphates of Arkansas," in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXVI. (New York, 1896);

VOL. I.-41

Hayes, "The Tennessee Phosphates," in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part IV. (Washington, 1895).

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Brown, "The Phosphate Rock Deposits of Tennessee during 1897," United States Geological Survey, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part VI. (continued) (Washington, 1898); McCallie, "A Preliminary Report on a Part of the Phosphates and Marls of Georgia," Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin, No. 5-A (Atlanta, 1896); Eldridge, "A Preliminary Sketch of the Phosphates of Florida," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXI. (New York, 1891); Smith, "The Phosphates and Marls of Alabama," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXV. (New York, 1895); Penrose, "The Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime," Bulletin No. 46, United States Geological Survey; Small, "The Phosphate Mines of Canada," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXI. (New York, 1891); and Wyatt, F., The Phosphates of America (New York, 1891).

APAYAO, 'på-yä'ô, or APOYA, ȧ-po'-ya. A head-hunting tribe in Cagayan Province, Luzon. Their speech is separate.

APE (AS. apa, Ger. Affe). A monkey; any quadrumanous animal, especially one of large size, and belonging to the Old World. (See below.) Thus, the "apes of Gibraltar," or "Barbary apes," are macaques (q.v.) and some “sacred apes" are baboons. (See BABOON; MACAQUE; MONKEY, etc.) More particularly the word nowadays applies to simians (family Simiida) called "anthropoid apes," because they most resemble mankind.

The Anthropoid Apes consist of the chimpanzees, gorilla, and orang, and the various gibbons, together with various extinct and fossil species; but the three forms first mentioned are those usually in the mind of those who use the term in its popular sense. All approach, and some may exceed, man in size, frequently assume an erect attitude (though none are so much at ease in this position as are some gibbons), and resemble him in structure more closely than they do the apes and monkeys of other families. This is much more marked in young examples, however, than in the adults, which in advanced age become more and more brutish. This is particularly true of the characteristics of the skull, when huge, bony "crests" and super-orbital ridges develop, the canine teeth become greatly enlarged, and a revolting expression of face reveals the essentially savage and intractable nature of the animal, which, enforced by gigantic strength, renders these apes among the most formidable and ugly of wild beasts. The skeleton is substantially similar to the human skeleton, differing from it in greater size and weight, and in certain proportions; the arms also are relatively much longer, and the legs shorter, and the great toe is longer and opposable only to a very limited degree. The spine lacks those curvatures in its lower part which enable man to stand erect with ease. In the flatness of the sternum and the absence of a certain small bone in the wrist, these apes agree with man and differ from the monkeys. The skull is thicker, has in age great bony ridges, and projects at the muzzle the teeth are of the same number and character as man's, but they are not set in a horsesho

form, but more nearly on three sides of a square, the front teeth making a decided angle with the cheek teeth, where the canines are developed into great tusks. The brain-case is smaller, and the bulk of the brain far less than that of man. Thus, according to Mivart, a normal human brain never measures less than 55 cubic inches, while that of the chimpanzee (the nearest) measures only 272 cubic inches; the cerebrum is also relatively shorter. In its general form and structure, however, the brain of these apes is like that of man, and it is richly convoluted. There are no important differences in the soft parts of the body or their functions. Externally, all the anthropoid apes are covered with black, brown, or reddish coarse hair, on all parts of the body except the face and palms, where the skin is dark, leathery, and wrinkled; the naked patches and callosities so frequently found upon the buttocks of the lower apes are absent or very small; nor are there any cheek-pouches. There is no trace of a tail. The chimpanzee and gorilla are closely related to one another, but the orang is as distinct in structure from them as it is widely removed in habitat. All are inhabitants of the equatorial regions of the Old World, and restricted to forests, where they live in the trees, building rude sleeping platforms and shelter, and feeding wholly upon vegetable food -chiefly fruits. See CHIMPANZEE; GIBBON; GORILLA; ORANG-UTAN; and MONKEYS; and plate of ANTHROPOID APES.

Consult: R. Hartmann, The Anthropoid Apes, illustrated (New York, 1886); Huxley, Man's Place in Nature (New York, 1898).

APEAK'. See ANCHOR.

APEL, 'pel, JOHANN AUGUST (1771-1816). A German writer. He was born at Leipzig, studied there and at Wittenberg from 1789 to 1793, and in 1801 was appointed a counselor at Leipzig. He wrote several dramas, drawn largely from antiquity and slightly esteemed, a Gespensterbuch (1810-14) and a Wunderbuch (181517), both popular. The first of them contained the story of Der Freischütz, which formed the basis for the text of the opera of that name. He is perhaps best known for his Metrik (two volumes, 1814-16), which contains an interesting study of ancient prosody.

APELDORN, ä'pel-dôrn, or APELDOORN. A beautiful village in the Netherlands, province of Gelderland (Map: Netherlands, D 2). It is situated about seventeen miles north of Arnhem, on a canal which joins the river Grift, a branch of the Yssel, by which, and the public roads from Arnhem and Utrecht to Deventer and Zutphen, and by railway, it has much traffic. The Loo, originally a hunting-lodge of the Duke of Gelderland, was a favorite palace of William III. of England when Stadtholder. The principal industry is paper making. Pop. 1890, 19,190; 1900, 25,761.

APELLES (Gk. Απελλής). The most celebrated painter in ancient times, the son of Pytheas, and probably a native of Colophon, on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor. The statements that he was a native of Cos or of Ephesus, seem due to his long residence in those places. He was probably made a citizen of Ephesus, and may have died at Cos, which afterward possessed an unfinished painting by him. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but the list

of his portraits shows that he lived during the last part of the fourth century B.C. He first studied at Ephesus, and afterward at Sicyon under the celebrated teacher Pamphilus of Amphipolis, where he may have learned the fine drawing in which he excelled. From Sicyon he seems to have gone to Pella in Macedonia, where he painted portraits of Philip, and became the friend of Alexander, who sat to no other painter, though frequently to him, and permitted him much freedom of speech. His most celebrated portrait represented Alexander wielding the thunderbolt, of which it was said "of the two Alexanders, Philip's is invincible, Apelles's inimitable." He also painted portraits of some of the generals of Alexander. His most celebrated works were mythological or allegorical. Very fa mous were his "Anadyomene" (q.v.) and his "Artemis Surrounded by Maidens." Of his painting of "Slander," in which also appeared Ignorance, Suspicion, Envy, Deceit, Remorse, and other personifications, Lucian gives a detailed description which has inspired Botticelli, Dürer, and other artists. He seems to have returned to Asia after Alexander's conquests, and most of his celebrated works were found in Asiatic cities. At Rhodes he visited the painter Protogenes, and is said to have contributed to his reputation by offering a high price for one of his pictures. He was generous in his appreciation of his rivals, though fully aware of his own merits. He admitted that Melanthius surpassed him in grouping, and Asclepiodorus in symmetry, and that Protogenes was inferior only in never knowing when to stop, which deprived his pictures of that grace, which Apelles claimed as his own. He seems to have been remarkable for his accuracy of drawing and fine coloring, probably due to a thorough theoretical and practical training. The industry with which he practiced drawing was so great as to give rise to the proverb which in the Latin version is, Nulla dies sine linea. Many anecdotes are related of Apelles. When his works were exposed to public view, he used to place himself behind a picture, to listen to the criticisms of the common people. A cobbler having detected a fault in the shoe of one of his figures, it is stated that Apelles instantly rectified it; but when the cobbler, on the following day, extended his criticism to the legs, the painter rushed from his hiding-place and told the cobbler to stick to the shoes, or, in the Latin version, which has become proverbial, Ne sutor supra crepidam. Consult: Woltmann and Woermann, History of Painting, Vol. I., Eng. trans. (New York, 1886); Houssage, Histoire d'Apelles (Paris, 1867); Wustmann, Apelles' Leben und Werke (Leipzig, 1870).

APELT, ä'pelt, ERNST FRIEDRICH (1812-59). A German philosophical writer, born at Reichenau. He studied at Jena and Leipzig, and was made professor of philosophy at Jena in 1840. His works include: Die Reformation der Sternkunde (Jena, 1852); Die Theorie der Induktion (1854); Metaphysik (1857); Parmenidis et Empedoclis doctrina de Mundi Structura (1857); Religionsphilosophie (1860), etc.

AP'EMAN'TUS. A churlish cynic in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens, supposed to have been modeled after the sketch of a similar character given in Lucian's Public Sale of Philosophers, a work with which Shakespeare might easily have been acquainted.

APENNINES.

AP'ENNINES (Ital. Appennino; Lat. Mons Apenninus, Apennine Mount, from Cym. Celt. pen, hill, summit, promontory). A mountain chain belonging to the system of the Alps and extending uninterruptedly throughout the whole length of the Italian peninsula. It branches out from the Maritime Alps at the Col di Tenda, near the sources of the Tanaro. From this point the chain, under the name of the Ligurian Apennines, girdles the Gulf of Genoa in the immediate vicinity of the sea, and then runs slightly south of east inland almost across the peninsula at latitude 44°, and then southeastward, forming the watershed between the Adriatic and the Mediterranean, but gradually approaching the eastern coast, till, in the highlands of the Abruzzi, it borders close upon it; after which it takes a more southerly direction, traversing Calabria, dips under the sea at the Strait of Messina, and reappears on the northern coast of Sicily. The total length is about 800 miles, and the breadth varies from 25 to 85 miles.

Geographers divide the Apennines as follows: (1) The North Apennines, from the Col di Tenda, in the Maritime Alps, to the pass of Borgo San Sepolcro, in the neighborhood of Arezzo, on the eastern border of Tuscany. (2) The Central Apennines, from Arezzo to the valley of the Pescara, which flows between the two Abruzzi. (3) The South Apennines, from the valley of the Pescara to Cape Spartivento. (4) The Insular Apennines, or the Sicilian Range. The leading feature of the Apennines, wherever they approach the coast, is their extraordinarily steep declivities; while in Middle Italy and the adjoining portions of Upper and Lower Italy, long, terraced plateaus, lower ranges, and finally, relatively extensive coast plains mark their gradual descent on the west. The general name for these lower ranges is Sub-Apennine; but they have a variety of specific designations, such as the mountains of Carrara and Seravezza, Protomagno, and Monte Amiata, in Tuscany; the Sabine, Alban, and Volscian mountains in the former Papal States; Monte Gargano on the southeastern coast, north of Manfredonia, etc. The main chain of the Apennines does not send off spurs into the Apulian Peninsula or heel of Italy, which in the main is rather level, or only interspersed with detached groups of hills. The principal chain exhibits for the most part a dreary and barren appearance, somewhat like a vast wall, with very few projecting peaks to break the dull monotony of the scene, and therefore seldom furnishes any salient points on which the eye of the spectator can rest with pleasure. Naked, riven, covered with thick débris, the declivities seem as if scorched by the southern sun. Only in the Abruzzi, in the Sub-Apennines, and especially in the marble-bearing mountains of Carrara and Seravezza do the bold and magnificent forms of the Alps reappear.

The average height of the entire chain of the Apennines is about 4000 feet, which, however, in the north sinks down to little more than 3500 feet, and in the mountains of the Abruzzi rises to 7000 feet. Here, in Monte Corno, the highest peak of the range, forming part of the Gran Sasso d'Italia, they reach an elevation of 9580 feet. The North Apennines attain in Monte Cimone, situated in the Province of Modena, a height of 7103 feet. The highest peak of the South Apennines is Monte Polino, with an elevation of 7450 feet.

APENRADE.

The Apennines are pierced by thirteen principal passes. These are, proceeding from north to south: (1) the pass of Savona; (2) of Bocchetta; (3) of Cisa; (4) of Monte Cimone; (5) of Poretta; (6) of Pietramala; (7) of Borgo San Sepolcro; (8) of Furlo; (9) of Serravalle; (10) of Aquila; (11) of Isernia; (12) of Arcano and Troa; (13) of Potenza.

GEOLOGY. The prevalent rock is a species of compact limestone, of a whitish-gray color, belonging to the Jura formation. Resting on the limestone is found a more recent formation of sandstone and marl, which is especially abundant in the middle region of the Sub-Apennines, and which contains an extraordinary number of fossils of the Tertiary Age. Older formations, however, frequently crop out. In the Abruzzian Apennines granite, gneiss, and schist are the prevailing rocks. On the watershed of the North and Central Apennines there are found Paleozoic clay-slate, grauwacke-slate, etc. The Apennines, especially the Roman and Neapolitan, are distinguished from all other mountain chains by the rich variety of marbles which they contain. In some places the quarries seem inexhaustible. Igneous rocks are numerous in the middle and southern regions, where volcanic disturbances have produced many wonderful formations-as, for instance, the crater lakes of Albano, Nemi, Vesuvius, Solfatara.

The direction of the great chain of the Apennines is favorable to the formation on the western side of important river basins, such as those of the Arno, the Tiber, the Garigliano, and the Volturno; while on the eastern side we find nothing but small streams, in most cases destitute of affluents, hurrying down to the sea through wild, precipitous valleys. In northern Italy, the Ligurian Apennines, almost overhanging the Gulf of Genoa, develop on the southern slopes only puny streams, while their northern slopes send down, through the plains of Piedmont, large tributaries to the Po.

The

FLORA. Where the Apennines, in general so poorly supplied with permanent streams, exhibit a trace of Alpine abundance of water, there is no lack of rich pastures and dense forests; but usually only thin grass and wild, scrubby bushes cover the stony slopes. greater number of the roaring forest brooks in the deep, rocky ravines display during the summer only dry beds. Where the mountains dip down to the sea, as at the Riviera of Genoa and the Gulf of Naples, a rich, distinctively southern vegetation clothes the declivities. Gigantic agaves, Indian figs, myrtle bushes, orange groves, suggest in these northern lands the splendors of the tropics. The altitudinal vegetation zones are characterized as follows: Vine and olive up to 1300 feet; chestnut and oaks from 1300 to 3300 feet; pines from 3300 to 5200 feet; shrubs and grasses above 5200 feet, succeeded above by naked rocks.

It is

APENRADE, ä'pen-rä'de. A town in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. situated at the head of a bay of the same name, opening into the Baltic Sea, has an excellent hara considerable amount of shipping bor, and (Map: Prussia, C 1). Population, in 1895, 5564; in 1900, 6616. The environs of the town are beautiful. The first historical mention made of Apenrade relates to its destruction by the Slavs in 1148; and, indeed, its position has always laid it