matter which follows the knife when the solid part of the lung is cut. But nothing positive can be deduced from this quantity of exuding matter, for it is very frequent in all cases of simple noncontagious matter. In contagious pleuro-pneumonia there is a giving way of the blood vessels, of the bronchial tubes, and of the lymphatic system, which causes fainting or death of the parts. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia is not cured either by resolution or absorption, and once attacked the lung remains forever affected. The disease becomes chronic and locates, surrounded by a tenacious fibrinous membrane, which incloses the degenerated lung slashed. These membranous cysts vary from the size of an egg to that of the whole lobe. In certain cases the texture of a whole lung becomes completely degenerated, and the form alone of the lobe will be found under a dry membrane or a thick pleura. In some cases of contagious pleuro-pneumonia the inside portion of the diseased part becomes gangrenous and will generally be surrounded by a cyst membrane, but cases of gangrene extending from the periphery to the lobular tissue are never seen, as in a case where the pleuro-pneumonia is not contagious. I remember a case of acute pleuro-pneumonia which was gangrenous in the general aspect of the large lobe, right lung, and which was pronounced contagious pleuropneumonia by three official experts; in this case there was a very weak pleurisy of the pulmonary pleura, but the entire lobe was consolidated in a mass of red and gray hepatization. It must be noted that under certain conditions contagious pleuro-pneumonia does not differ a great deal from other forms of pneumonia, not contagious, and often for this reason a complete history of the contaminated animal becomes necessary in order to observe its origin and the dangers of infection to which it had been exposed. The Belgian and English experts base their opinion in cases of contagious pleuropneumonia found in the lungs of American animals upon theory alone and neither of these experts will see nor admit the practical side of the question. Every theory which does not rest upon real facts, or which is not proved by practical facts, deserves no credit. I have now to give the different practical reasons for which these cases, claimed to be contagious, constitute a form of pneumonia without contagious character, and I do not hesitate to affirm that my diagnosis has been sustained by practical facts that can not be consistently denied or ignored, whatever may be the prejudice prevailing at the examination. I have also been aided by some of the best pathologists in the world, and sufficient time has elapsed for my diagnosis to have been found correct. The two first cases claimed as contagious pleuro-pneumonia were verified at Antwerp the 22d or 23d of August, 1894, upon animals landed at Antwerp from the steamship Minnesota. The steamship Minnesota left the port of Baltimore the 29th of July, 1894, with 350 head of cattle, and arrived at Antwerp the 14th of August with a full load. From the 17th to the 23d of August, 291 head of cattle were slaughtered and found healthy (sound) on post-mortem examination, with the exception of the two cases in question. Two animals were sold and slaughtered on the 25th of August, and the rest, say 57 head, were subsequently slaughtered and found sound. It is taken into consideration that this cargo of cattle had been kept together a whole week at least before shipment, two weeks and over on the voyage, besides a good week after arrival, and this herd subjected to the hardships of sea and land for nearly three weeks. Can it be believed that if the disease had been contagious, only two cases would have been discovered? Assuredly, no. Some authorities may claim that this does not prove that the disease is not contagious; that the long incubation of this disease necessitates a complete development of a case before it can contaminate other animals; but it is well known that if a herd infected by contagious pleuro-pneumonia is exposed to fatigue, want of care, and ill treatment, the disease will rapidly show itself and will assume the most violent type. The statement of these two cases and the diagnosis of the Belgian authorities was telegraphed to the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, and the tracing of the origin of the entire cargo was made by a competent and experienced veterinarian from America, without the slightest mention of pleuro-pneumonia being found either in the farms of their origin or in their neighborhood, neither before nor after. Can anything representing a contagious malady be seen in this? The other cases of pleuro-pneumonia contagion were found at Antwerp the 25th of October, 1894, in the lungs of two animals from Canada. On the 29th of December I saw two portions taken from the lungs of these animals at the veterinary school at Brussels. The lesions evident in these portions of the lungs were identical with those found in the cases of the animals landed by the Minnesota, except that in one of them the pulmonary pleura was somewhat more affected than in the other. In this portion of the lung the disease was slightly more advanced, and notwithstanding this the discoloration of the globules in the affected region was of a perfectly uniform degree. The numbers 358606 and 358614 were those of the two animals from which were taken the two portions pronounced affected by contagious pleuro-pneumonia. These numbers were telegraphed to Washington, and vigilant researches were made in the farms and neighborhoods whence these animals came, without again finding any case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia or any trace even resembling it. The best proof of the noninfection of these two animals is that the cattle were kept herded (en troupeau) for three full weeks in transit, likewise that a great number were held in quarantine during forty-five days, and notwithstanding this only two suspicious cases in all were discovered. Some authorities may argue that the animals held in quarantine were separated from the sick ones, foreseeing the disease already indicated, and that only one sick animal can convey the disease from one animal to another. If this argument has any value, then for the purpose of arresting the contagion why slaughter the herd, the healthy subjects as well as those that are attacked? It is a well-known fact that in a herd infected with plenro-pneumonia the disease is not conveyed from one animal directly to another. For instance, an animal in one part of the stable will fall sick, and its neighbor will not be contaminated, while another situated at the extremity of the stable may be so. Another argument against the contagion of these cases of pleuro-pneumonia is the fact that the same lesions exist in the lungs proceeding from the United States that are landed in England, and during these last five years over 60 cases of what the English authorities call contagious pleuro-pneumonia have been discovered. The numbers of each of these animals were noted and the animals were traced to their place of origin by competent veterinarians who could discover no sign of contagious pleuro-pneumonia among the animals remaining in the farms and neighborhoods wherein originated the animals pronounced affected. A surveillance was established of these farms and districts for several months, without having had to report any disease during that time. In fact, these few cases originated in certain districts of the United States where no case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia had ever arisen. Good sense superabundantly indicated to anyone not prepossessed that from 60 cases of disease being imported into England or into any other country there might be inferred to exist an enormous number of infection centers in the United States, whence infected animals have been shipped, and that it would be impossible that such a state of things should have been unobserved until now. At the Annual Congress of the Veterinary Medical Association of the United States held at Chicago the 18th, 19th, and 20th of October, 1893, and at Philadelphia the 18th and 19th of September, 1894, it was unanimously admitted that no sort of contagious pleuro-pneumonia existed in any part of the United States. The Veterinary Associa tion of the United States includes in its members practitioners from all sections of the United States, among whom are specialists in every branch of veterinary science. Now, can the possibility be admitted of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia without one or several of these veterinary associates having had knowledge of it, and if one of these associates knew of its existence, were it but of a single case, what reason would he have for not making it known? Absolutely none. However it may be, the contagious pleuro-pneumonia does not exist in the United States and has not been found there for four years. If the authorities wish to be convinced of this, they can easily do so through their consuls. I can state that the American authorities are honest in affirming that contagious pleuro-pneumonia does not exist in their country, and that it is morally impossible for such a disease to exist without becoming known at once. Every State in the Union has a veterinary service, the duty of which, under the law, is to visit every district or part of a district where there would be reason to believe or to suspect the existence of any contagious disease whatever, to employ all preventive measures necessary to hinder a disease from spreading, and to stop its progress as early as possible. It is also a duty imposed by law of the different States on every veterinarian to inform the service of the State of every case of contagious disease known to him, and this under penalty of a heavy fine or imprisonment if he has not fulfilled said duty within twenty-four hours of the discovery of the disease. I may say, without pretension I hope, that I have had almost if not quite as much experience in the recognized contagious diseases as any man in the world, no matter who. I have been instrumental in arresting this disease in Kentucky, Maryland, and New York, the greater portion of the labor of sanitary superintendence in those States being under my control and direction. W. H. WRAY, Veterinary Surgeon, Chief Inspector of the United States for Great Britain. CHILE. TREATY OF PEACE AND AMITY BETWEEN CHILE AND BOLIVIA. No. 85.] Mr. Strobel to Mr. Olney. LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Santiago, May 6, 1896. (Received June 12.) SIR: Referring to my No. 22, of May 25, 1895, reporting the conclusion of certain treaties between Chile aud Bolivia, I now have the honor to inclose copies and translations of a treaty of peace and amity and a treaty of commerce between these two countries which were published in the official journal (Diario Oficial) of the 2d instant. The treaty of peace and amity provides for the absolute cession to Chile by Bolivia of the Bolivian territory which has been occupied by Chile since the truce agreement of April 4, 1884. By the terms of Article II Chile assumes the payment of certain claims, among which is the claim of Alsop & Co. The treaty of commerce contains nothing of importance except the provisions for the free importation of merchandise in transit for Bolivia through the ports in the ceded territory stated in Article IX. In my dispatch No. 22, referred to above, I mentioned that it was understood that the treaty of peace and amity provided for the cession to Bolivia of a port on the Pacific; and it was expected that this port would be in the formerly Peruvian province of Tacna and Arica, which are now held by Chile under the conditions explained in that dispatch. I stated that it therefore caused some surprise that the negotiation of the definite treaty of peace and amity should be terminated before the question of Tacna and Arica was settled, and I expressed the belief that these provinces would ultimately belong to Chile, and that this Government hoped to secure them before the ratification and publication of the treaty. It is now seen that the treaty of peace and amity, which has been published, makes absolutely no provision for the cession of territory to Bolivia. The dominion of Chile over the territory taken from Bolivia is permanently fixed, but nothing is done for the latter country. I have, etc., EDWARD H. STROBEL. [Inclosure in No. 85.-Translation.] Treaty of peace and amity between the Republics of Chile and Bolivia. The Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of Chile, desirous of fixing in a definite treaty of peace the political relations which unite the two countries, and being decided to consolidate by this means. and in a stable and lasting manner, the bonds of sincere friendship and good understanding which exist between the two countries, and in order to realize the purpose and desires for harmony which have been pursued by the high contracting parties since the truce agreement of April 4, 1884, have determined to conclude a treaty of peace and amity, and for that purpose have appointed and constituted their plenipotentiaries, to wit: His Excellency the President of the Republic of Chile has appointed Don Luis Barros Borgono, minister of foreign relations, and His Excellency the President of the Republic of Bolivia, Don Heriberto Gutierrez, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Bolivia in Chile, who, after having exchanged their full powers, found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon the following articles: ARTICLE I. The Republic of Chile shall continue to hold possession in absolute and perpetual dominion of the territory which it has governed to the present time in accordance with the truce agreement of April 4, 1884 In consequence, the sovereignty of Chile is recognized over the territories extending to the south of the river Loa, from where it empties into the Pacific, to the parallel 23 degrees south latitude, and which have for their eastern boundary the series of straight lines fixed by article 2 of the trace agreement; that is to say, a straight line which begins from Zapaleri and from the intersection of the said territories with the boundary line separating them from the Argentine Republic to the volcano of Licancaur. From this point a straight line shall continue to the peak of the extinct volcano Cabana or highland called Del Cajon. From there another straight line shall continue as far as the cascade which is at the southernmost point of the lake Ascotan, and thence another straight line which crosses the said lake lengthwise and terminates in the volcano Ollagua. From this point another straight line to the volcano Tua, the dividing line continuing from there between Tarapaca and Bolivia. ARTICLE II. The Government of Chile assumes and agrees to pay the liabilities admitted by the Government of Bolivia in favor of the mining companies of Huanchaca, Corocoro and Oruro, and the balance of the Bolivian loan which was raised in Chile in the year 1867, after deduction of the sums which have been already paid on this account, according to Article VI of the truce agreement. It likewise obliges itself to pay the following obligations which are an encumbrance upon the Bolivian coast: The one corresponding to the bonds issued for the construction of the railway from Mejillones to Carracoles; the obligation in favor of Pedro Lopez Gama, represented at present by the house of Alsop & Company, of Valparaiso; and one in favor of Heary G. Meiggs, represented by Don Edward Squire, proceeding from the contract concluded by the former with the Government of Bolivia on May 20th, 1876, for the renting of the Government nitrate fields at Toco; and the obligation recognized in favor of the family of Don Juan Guarday. These obligations shall be the object of a special settlement and of a detailed specification in a supplementary protocol. ARTICLE III. With the exception of the obligations enumerated in the preceding article, the Government of Chile does not admit any obligation or responsibility of any kind as affecting the territories which are the subject of the present Treaty, whatever may be their nature and origin. The Government of Chile is likewise relieved of the obligations contracted in accordance with clause 6 of the truce agreement, the receipts of the custom-house of Arica being absolutely free, and Bolivia having the privilege of establishing its custom-houses in whatever place and manner that may appear suitable. ARTICLE IV. Should any difference arise with reference to the boundary line between the two countries, there shall be appointed by the high contracting parties a committee of engineers to proceed to the demarcation of the frontier line determined by the points enumerated in Article I of the present treaty. In a like manner they shall proceed to reestablish the landmarks which exist, or to fix those that may be necessary on the traditional boundary between the ancient department, at present Chilean province of Tarapaca, and the Republic of Bolivia. If unfortunately there should occur between the engineers charged with the demarcation any disagreement which cannot be settled by the direct action of the Governments, the question shall be submitted to the decision of a friendly power. ARTICLE V. The ratifications of this treaty shall be exchanged within the period of six months, and the exchange shall take place in the city of Santiago. In witness whereof the minister of foreign relations of Chile and the envoy extraor dinary and minister plenipotentiary of Bolivia have signed and sealed with their respective seals, and in duplicate, the present treaty of peace and amity, in the city of Santiago, on the 18th day of May, 1895. [L. S.] [L. S.] LUIS BARROS BORGONO. And inasmuch as the preceding treaty has been ratified by me, after approval by the National Congress, and the respective ratifications have been exchanged on April 30th of the current year, Therefore, making use of the authority conferred upon me by paragraph 19 of article 73 of the constitution of the State, I hereby order that the said treaty take effect in all its parts as a law of the Republic. Given in Santiago the 1st day of May, 1896. JORGE MONTT. [Inclosure 2 in No. 85.-Translation.] Treaty of commerce between the Republics of Chile and Bolivia. The Governments of Bolivia and Chile being equally animated by the purpose of consolidating and extending the commercial relations between the two countries, have resolved to conclude a treaty of commerce which shall contain bases adequate for the said purpose and have appointed as their plenipotentiaries: His Excellency the President of the Republic of Chile, the minister of foreign relations, Don Luis Barros Borgono; and His Excellency the President of the Republic of Bolivia, the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, Don Heriberto Gutierrez, who, after having exchanged their full powers, found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon the following articles: ARTICLE I. The commercial relations between the Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of Chile are established on the basis of ample and reciprocal liberty. The citizens of each country shall have in the territory of the other in all matters relating to the exercise of commerce and trade the same rights as natives, nor can they be subject to any tax different from or higher than that imposed upon natives. ARTICLE II. Bolivians in Chile and Chileans in Bolivia shall enjoy all guarantees which the law extends to natives of each country for the protection of their persons and their property. They shall likewise have the right of acquiring and possessing property of every kind, and of disposing of such property in the same manner as natives, without being subject, on account of their character as foreigners, to any payment or tax which is not imposed on natives. ARTICLE III. The high contracting parties declare that they will mutually recognize all the companies and other commercial, industrial, or financial associations which have been established and authorized in conformity with the laws of each of the two countries, their privilege of exercising all rights and of appearing in trial before the courts, without any other condition than that of conforming to the provisions of the laws of the respective States. ARTICLE IV. The Bolivians in Chile and the Chileans in Bolivia are exempt from all compulsory military service in the army and navy and in the national guards or militia, nor can they be subject for their real and personal property to any other charge, restriction, tax, or impost than those which are imposed upon natives. ARTICLE V. The high contracting parties, in the desire to remove everything which may disturb their friendly relations, agree that whenever there may be claims or complaints of individuals referring to matters which are subjects for the civil or penal laws, and which may be submitted to the courts of the country, they will not intervene officially by means of their diplomatic representatives unless it is a question of a denial of justice, or of acts which imply the nonobservance or manifest infraction of |