bearing different senses in different authors, and requiring an accurate knowledge of its chronology in order to know in which sense in a given book it is used. When a new nomenclature is coming into use with some new modification of philosophy, nothing is more provoking to the vast mass of readers than the apparently self-complacent ostentation with which the initiated flaunt their vocabulary in your face, as though it were pregnant with some rare discoveries of which you were not only ignorant, but incapable of comprehending even its abecedarian explanations, luminous as they in reality are. And what help is there for it? 'The new terms refuse to be defined by the old, for the avoidance of all association with the old is the very reason of their coming into existence. You can, therefore, take the new system only by inspiration or absorption, or in default of these, perhaps you may get at it by aid of Mr. Fleming's vocabulary.

The vocabulary is brought down to the latest moment, and the uses of terms in the Hamiltonian philosophy are explicitly given. Dr. Krauth has made some valuable additions, particularly serving in the understanding of the terms of German philosophy. The work is therefore valuable both as a vocabulary of terms and as an expositor of doctrines; valuable to the pupil who would learn, and to the advanced scholar who would revise. By its subsidiary aid many a disagreeable hitch in one's metaphysical reading may. be relieved.

Prolegomena Logica: an Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes. By HENRY LONGUEVILLE MANSEL, B. D., LL.D., Waynflete Professor of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, Oxford. 12mo., pp. 291. Boston: Gould & Lincoln.

New York: Sheldon & Co. 1860.

Of logic, Professor Mansel takes the high scholastic view. With him it is a science and no art. It is simply an exhibit of the laws of pure (ratiocinative) thought, and any practical use it may afford in training our faculties to accurate deductions is a mere accident. Logic, then, is the science of the necessary forms of thought; and the interesting question arises, how this power of thought is grounded in the mind. This is a question in psychology, and of this question the work before us is a discussion. The psychology of logic is its topic.

Before discussing specifically the mental grounds of logical necessity, the professor takes up the two kindred yet distinct points of mathematical necessity and metaphysical necessity.

Of mathematics, all the conceptive combinations and deductions are necessary. Presented and understood they compel assent, nor is the possibility of their contradiction conceivable. Then comes the question, ably discussed by the professor, How does the mind arrive at its necessary conceptions? Are they experimental or intuitive? This is the old question between the empirical or Lockian school and the transcendental or intuitional. Boldly taking the former alternative, Mill maintains that it is by experience that we arrive even at the perception of the necessary truth that two straight lines cannot inclose a space. The clearness of the mental picture, whenever conceived, enables us to see in any case that a space is not inclosed. The method by which Whewell managed the opposite side Professor Mansel justly criticises. Our space does not permit us to state the subtle refutation contained in the present volume.

Under the head of metaphysical necessity, Mr. Mansel selects for special disquisition the two necessary notions or principles of substance and causality. Under substance he is led to discuss the Berkleyan theory, and maintains that the only absolutely certain substance is the Ego, the real existence of which is verified not by inference but by actual consciousness. Under the head of causality he enters into some deep analysis of cause, and discusses the nature of necessity and volitional freedom. He opposes Hamilton's resolution of our notion of causation into a mental impotence, and our view of freedom as a contradictory counterbalance between demonstrable freedom and demonstrable necessity. He maintains that our idea of cause originates from our self-consciousness of power, and defends the freedom of volition as a real, though perhaps not definable fact.

A chapter on positive and negative thought explains a central point in the Hamiltonian philosophy. From it we learn that of the infinite Jehovah we have a purely negative idea. That is, we abundantly know, negatively, what he is not; but positively what he is, is a matter of which we know nothing whatever. We are compensated, however, by certain regulative principles which bring us to worship the Unknown; and, on the whole, it is best to obey these regulatives and expect, by faith, that our prayers shot into the dark will hit the unknown Mark.

Professor Mansel is a perfect specimen in our day of the finished academician. His training is complete, his mastery of his subject is ultimate. His style has a perfect polish, and he displays so scholastic a subtlety in handling his vocabulary that it requires

either an almost equal master or a most concentrated attention to understand and follow him. Hence, let those who take up his book expect to study, not merely read.

History, Biography, and Topography.

Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman, Major-General U.S. A., and Governor of the State of Mississippi. By J. F. H. CLAIRBORNE. In two volumes. Pp. 400, 392. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1860.

John A. Quitman was born near the commencement of the present century in Rhinebeck, New York State. When a young man he went to Mississippi, studied law, became a politician, and attained high official position. Of course, being a northerner by birth, he attested his allegiance to the South by outdoing the South in southern ultraism. He became in due time a Nullifier of the Calhoun school, a slaveholder upon principle of the most unscrupulous type, a fierce terrorist, and an unflinching disunionist. He was solicited by Lopez, the noted lawless invader of Cuba, to turn fillibuster, and he seriously entertained a proposition which would have probably closed his career by the garotte. He served with honor in the Mexican war. He became one of that class of southern statesmen who have, with a fanatical fierceness, struggled to assert for the southern oligarchy a supremacy over the nation, and in attaining that aim are as ready to sacrifice the Union and the Constitution as they are the laws of faith and honor and the respect of mankind. The book is very properly dedicated to the "Men of the South," and we might wonder why it is not published there. But statesmen like Calhoun and Quitman illustrate the excellence of their policy by reducing the South to such a condition of helpless imbecility, that the works of the former and the biography of the latter have to come North to find a fitting publisher.

A slight glance at the history presented will serve to show that the want of firmness on the part of the free North prevented the settlement of the slavery question twenty years ago. The cause of the protracted contest and of the final danger is compromise. In every compromise freedom and righteousness have been sold, and the slaveholding interest has acquired the power to make new demands and press new aggressions. It was once weak and timid, it is now strong and fierce; and concession has fed and fattened its fierceness. Let the free North now say to the slave

power, draw your line of secession where you are able and depart by peaceable revolution. But, remember, you go out as secessionists from the government. You leave the national debt and the national domain; you abandon the advantage of a fugitive slave law, and you must never reopen the slave-trade, which national law has pronounced piracy. We may then unite with Canada, and the great free Republic of the world shall here be inaugurated with the two oceans upon its margin and the great chain of silver lakes upon its bosom.

History of Latin Christianity, including that of the Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V. By HENRY HART MILMAN, D. D., Dean of St. Paul's. In eight volumes. Volume I. 12mo., pp. 554. New York: Sheldon & Co. Boston: Gould & Lincoln. We laid before our readers in our last number the announcement of the projected publication of this great work by the enterprising houses whose names are attached. The first instalment appears very promptly, in a style of external execution worthy the value of the work. The work itself is written with the most consummate mastery of all the scholarship upon the subject, in a dignified, transparent, often eloquent style, in the true historical temper, with the spirit of the true Christian philosopher.

The present volume, being the first of eight, extends to the age of Justinian inclusive. It traces its indistinct line through the obscure period of commencing and growing Christianity in the imperial city. A momentary flash is flung across its twilight by the persecution of Nero. Dim images of possible bishops and mythical popes, all duly martyred in later legend, are doubtfully descried. The metropolitan importance of the imperial city, the ascension of Christianity to the imperial throne, the Trinitarian controversy, the development of ecclesiastical monarchy, the Pelagian discussion, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, the conversion of the Teutonic races, Justinian and his code, are the topics which in succession attract the attention. We withhold further remark under the expectation that the work will be made the subject of a distinct article.

The Life and Letters of Mrs. Emily C. Judson. By A. C. KENDRICK, Professor of Greek Literature in the University of Rochester. New York: Sheldon & Co. 1860.

This work is a biography of one who was born in the humblest walks of life, struggled bravely against her apparent destiny, and ultimately achieved an honorable place in literature. It narrates

her literary triumphs with fair discrimination, not too eulogistic, nor yet too censorious. She had a lively and vigorous pen, and when moved by very powerful impulses its achievements were almost those of genius. Her missionary career seems to consist largely in devotion to her famous husband. In fact, the book dwells so much on her betrothal, marriage, and the subsequent love-scenes in their history, that it has more the air of a novel than of the veritable history of a Christian heroine. She was not fitted for that great work, and soon after his death had released her from her duties to him she returned home, where, after a few years of holy living, she died a triumphant death.

The book is written in a rather ambitious vein, as if the author were as anxious to show off himself as his subject. When will our biographers learn their true sphere of complete self-abnegation? Not for a foil to set forth their own superior excellences is the character they delineate, nor should they seek to appear as the equal of their hero, as Egyptian monarchs put their statues beside those of their gods. But simply as a friend, who hides himself benind the honored personage he is permitted to portray. Dr. Wayland's life of Dr. Judson is an admirable example of a true biography in the spirit and manner of its execution as well as in its substance.

H.

Italy in Transition. Public Scenes and Private Opinions in the Spring of 1860. Illustrated by official Documents from the Papal Archives of the revolted Legations. By WILLIAM ARTHUR, A. M., author of "A Mission to Mysore," "The Successful Merchant," "The Tongue of Fire," etc., etc. 12mo., pp. 426. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1860.

The starting of Italy into a national unity, working out in a few weeks a problem of ages, seems passing before us with a rapidity so miraculous that we stare in vague incapability of realizing the great fact, and rub our eyes to be sure of their wakeful condition. It seems too gratifying to be true, and we watch in painful anxiety lest, just at a critical moment, the pageant disappear in a flare-up, and the dirty old reality again disclose itself. Some scenes in the rapid drama, and some appalling facts of the old reality, appear before us vividly in the present volume.

Among the writers of our Church in England, Mr. Arthur stands unsurpassed in living power. His periods are rapid, vivid, elastic, harmonious. His pages are pictorial and dramatic, presenting scenes, facts, and thoughts before you in striking and