without money with which to pay. The senior inspector states that sentiment regarding the land tax is general, and that the result is that many people who would otherwise be loyal are harboring a feeling of resentment against the government. The senior inspector reports that the presidente of the provincial board of health, Doctor Dudley, has given every assistance in looking after the constabulary sick in the province. He also reports that the provincial treasurer has so little confidence in the municipal police of the province that he called for a guard from the constabulary for deputies while taxes were collected in eleven towns.

It is believed that but for the energy, good judgment, and work of the senior inspector there would have been serious trouble in the province during the past six months.

Conditions at the present time are much improved.

PANGASINAN.

Senior Inspector, Capt. J. F. W. RICKARDS.

Authorized strength, 208; 50 constabulary also authorized at Twin Peaks on Benguet road; military stations in province, 1 battalion infantry at Bayambang and 1 squadron of cavalry at Dagupan. Telegraph stations, 3; telephone stations, 4; constabulary stations, 7 (to be reduced to 4); officers on duty, 8.

Almost incessant patrolling in province during the year. Engagements, 3; outlaws killed, 1; captured, 36; arms captured, 18 rifles, 2 shotguns, 17 revolvers, 48 bolos, and 164 rounds of ammunition; 2,500 pounds of rice, and 3,000 pounds palay captured; stolen animals recovered, 83 carabaos, 9 horses, and 1 bull; $200 Mexican currency recovered; warrants received 166, executed 126; arrests without warrants, 480; constabulary casualties, 2 killed and 1 wounded. The municipal police recovered 12 carabaos and 1 horse, captured 45 ladrones, killed 1 ladrone, captured 1 rifle, 1 revolver, and 25 cartridges. This is about the best showing for any municipal police in the district.

There has been some cholera in the province. The senior inspector reports considerable gambling; every effort is being made to break it up.

The Aglipay Church movement is at a standstill. The contributions required have thrown a decided damper on the enthusiasm at first displayed.

The senior inspector of this province is a hard and enthusiastic worker. I made some complaints against the fiscal that cases presented to the court were not properly prosecuted, and that the witnesses, whose names were furnished by him, were not called to testify. While this is not a purely constabulary matter, the duties of the fiscal and work of the constabulary are so intimately associated that I feel that the senior inspector is justified in his complaints. If the constabulary, by persistent hard work, capture outlaws, it becomes the duty of the fiscal to see that all evidence against them is presented to the court; if he fails to do so through ignorance, indifference, friendship for the criminal, or disloyalty, he certainly is not fit to occupy the position. I believe that complaints of senior inspectors against fiscals should in all cases be investigated, and if the complaint be found groundless the inspector be called to account, but if the charge be substantiated the fiscal be removed.

There seems to be an organized band of carabao thieves in the province, but they have been pushed so hard lately that conditions in this respect have improved very much.

During the last year political conditions in this province have improved. The only important ladrone organization was that commanded by "Gen." Roman Manalan and "Gen." Portasio Flores. Manalan was killed near Bolinao, and Flores is serving a sentence of twenty years. This organization is entirely broken up as far as this province is concerned. Other organizations of less importance have also been broken up and the ladrones lodged in jail. To obtain these results Captain Rickards and Lieutenant DeWitt were pursuing the first-mentioned organization in the hills bordering Zambales Province from the 15th of November, 1902, to the 5th of January, 1903. Fourteen rifles and 6 revolvers were captured from Manalan on this expedition, and many prisoners, who are now serving sentences in Bilibid. A Katipunan Society, in connection with the organization of Manalan, was destroyed in Malasigue, 37 of the members arrested, and the society broken up. Toward the end of April a large Katipunan movement, in connection with leaders from Bulacan Province, was in progress of organization in the eastern part of this province. The leaders were arrested, their arms captured, and the culprits lodged in jail; since that time conditions have been normal.

There have been disastrous fires in the towns of Bayambang, Alcalá, Rosales, and Binalonan, but there is no reason to suppose that these fires were other than accidental.

By consistant vigilance, carabao stealing has been checked and conditions in that respect are considerably improved.

Political conditions in the province are satisfactory, but the agricultural prospects for the coming year are menaced by unprecedented plague of locusts, which, unless exterminated by natural means, will devour all crops as soon as planted.

The senior inspector states that roads are in bad condition, and nothing is being done to repair them or build necessary bridges. He further states that in his opinion a system of supervision over the actions and methods of municipal authorities would be advantageous to the country and to the civil government.

RIZAL.

Senior Inspector, Capt. IRA KEITHLEY.

Authorized strength, 278; also 25 men temporarily at Cainta under orders of Presidente Ampil. This force will, however, be mustered out at end of July. There are 7 stations and 9 officers.

The constabulary of the province has been scouting and searching for outlaws throughout the year until within the past two months. Number of engagements, 12; outlaws killed, 46; wounded, unknown; captured, 185.

Arms captured, 53 Remington rifles, 8 Springfield carbines, 7 shotguns, 17 revolvers, 1 Mauser, 1 Krag, 1,804 rounds of ammunition; animals recovered, 12 ponies, 1 carabao; warrants issued, 104; executed, 104; arrests without warrants about 200, mostly gamblers (does not include outlaws); constabulary and scout casualties, killed, 12; wounded, 11; captured, 6 (all released); deserted, 3; missing, 1.

Work accomplished by municipal police scarcely nothing, except volunteer police of Cainta; efficiency of police very poor; police casualties, wounded, 1; arms lost by police, 30 Remington rifles, 13 shotguns, and 51 revolvers; arms lost by constabulary and scouts, constabulary, none; scouts, 2. The detachment of scouts at Cainta also lost 11 carbines prior to being assigned to duty with the civil government.

It will be observed that the municipal police have supplied the outlaws with a large number of arms.

Telephone stations, 16; telegraph stations, 5.

Military stations, 1 permanent at Guadalupe and 4 temporary on the Mariquina River, doing quarantine duty relative to protection of Manila water supply.

At the close of the last fiscal year several bands of outlaws were organizing in northern Rizal and southern Bulacan. The band about Morong had been broken up and the leaders captured or killed.

On July 1, 1902, conditions in the province seemed to be encouraging. The band of ladrones of Morong district, under Timoteo Pasay and the Felix brothers, had been broken up and the leaders captured. A few small bands of carabao thieves and ladrones infested the district along the northern border of Rizal. Principal among these were the bands under Julian Santos, Faustino Guillermo, Apolonio Samson, and occasionally Ciriaco Contreras would drop in from Bulacan, terrorizing the outlying barrios. These bands were at the outset small and insignificant, had but few arms, and put in most of their time evading capture. The leaders had, however, been appointed officers by the new "Katipunan" in the "regular army of the Philippines," which was nothing more or less than ladrones on a larger scale who preyed on the ignorant people of the infested districts under the guise of "patriots.' The Katipu

nan government, headed by Domingo Moriones, Agado del Rosario, and some four or five others, were captured by Insp. Licerio Geronimo on July 7, 1902, near Mariquina, together with their paraphernalia, regalia, and records. This gang is now doing time in Bilibid.

On July 15, Geronimo, who was scouting in the Diliman country with seven men, was surprised in a house where he and his men were resting, by Guillermo and Samson with about 25 men, and narrowly escaped capture, after having one of his men killed and another seriously wounded. Geronimo lost his uniform blouse and the same served Guillermo to a good purpose a short time afterwards, when he wore it to San José, Bulacan, and misled the unsuspecting sergeant of constabulary into believing him to be a genuine constabulary officer, formed the detachment into arms, and at that juncture took them all prisoners and secured their arms-this in broad daylight. The different bands then consolidated, with Santos as general in command and Samson and Guillermo as colonels, and started in to harass the constabulary patrols and municipal police. A vigorous campaign was instituted against them, but with little result. When they were hard pressed, they would flee to the Norzagaray Mountains or disband and return to the barrios, where they would wait a lull in operations, when they would again appear on the scene, raid some town and disarm

the municipal police. In this manner they succeded in gathering together some 150 firearms of different classes, 80 of which were taken from the municipal police of outlying towns of this province. Be it said to the credit of the constabulary of this province that no detachment of the force, excepting "Ampil's Volunteers" at Cainta, ever surrendered their arms to the ladrones.

About October 1, 1902, the outlaws had been chased until they were hard to find and offered no resistance to the constabulary, trusting entirely to hiding and running away in order to avoid capture. Mr. Arturo Dancel, now governor of Rizal, about this time obtained authority of the honorable civil governor to negotiate the surrender of these bands, and came to the province with an order from the chief of constabulary to confer with the senior inspector and arrange movements so as not to interfere with his efforts. His first demand was that the ladrones be allowed to concentrate at a point near Corral Na Bato, in the jurisdiction of Mariquina, and get their arms together preparatory to surrender. They were promised immunity for past offenses in case they made a complete surrender by November 1, 1902, which they promised to do. They got all their mob together, Julian Santos posing as "lieutenant-general" in command, and raised the insurgent flag over their camp, resting there for about three weeks, and being well fed from food bought with secret-service funds entrusted to Mr. Dancel. This business went on until the last day of grace, October 31, 1902, when they ambushed a constabulary detachment under Lieut. J. J. Bates, and put them to flight, killing 1 man and seriously wounding 2 others. The outlaws at this time numbered something like 300 men, with possibly 200 arms. An ineffective campaign was kept up against this band during November and December, 1902, the bandits always hiding or running away when approached by a sufficient force to cope with them. They sent 80 men to attack Pasig on the evening of December 24, during the hours when the Christmas festivities were in progress, and succeeded in killing 2 members of the constabulary and wounding 2 more, also wounding a woman in the church procession, who lost a leg from the effects of the wound, after which they were whipped and driven out of town by the constabulary, with considerable loss. About January 15, 1903, Luciano San Miguel came to Rizal from Cavite Province and was elected supreme commander of the outlaw forces of this district, and started to further the organization which was already on foot and which was looked upon by the ignorant classes as an insurrection against the government. San Miguel bore the distinction of never having taken the oath of allegiance to the government. The first effective engagement which took place was February 8, 1903, at Corral Na Bato. The senior inspector, with a force of 4 officers-Lieutenants Schermerhorn, McIlvaine, Geronimo and Harris-and 107 men, struck San Miguel's entire force at Corral Na Bato, and a sharp engagement ensued, which lasted for one hour and forty-five minutes. The constabulary lost Lieutenant Harris and 1 private killed and 1 private wounded. The ladrones were completely whipped, leaving 15 dead on the ground and 1 of their lieutenants and 2 soldiers, besides 10 guns being captured. The number of wounded which they carried away has been placed at various estimates, ranging from 20 to 50.

On February 13 the present district commander was assigned to duty with the constabulary, and to command of the first district, and began operations especially against this band. At first 4, and later 6, companies of native scouts, stationed at Caloocan, were assigned to duty with the constabulary. This placed about 500 additional well-armed and disciplined men in the field to operate in conjunction with the constabulary. These companies of scouts were assigned to stations through the province; the smaller stations of constabulary were withdrawn and stations established of a size to cope with any band of outlaws with which they might come in contact. An American officer was placed in command of every station. The outlaws had caused information to be spread that any municipal police or constabulary who gave up their arms without resistance would be released. The necessity for good officers to command stations thus became apparent. A large band of ladrones had just made a raid through the province, through Cainta, Taytay, Antipolo and Bosoboso. The tide turned at this point, and the ladrone element was compelled to act on the defensive. Occasionally a minor engagement took place, but without decisive results. The First Company of Scouts early in March gave them a good drubbing near Corral Na Bato, in which 19 outlaws were killed. Several efforts were made to surround bands known to be hiding in the thick country about San Francisco del Monte, with but indifferent success. About the middle of March a round up along the Pasig, between San Felipe Neri and Pasig, succeeded in surrounding and killing or capturing the entire band which infested that district. In this about 400 scouts and 200 constabulary were used to form the cordon.

Later it was learned that bands were concentrating again in the Corral Na Bato district, and on the 27th of March, the First and Fourth Companies of Scouts were

sent to "beat the brush" there.

A squad ran into the outlaws occupying an old stone fortification, which up to this time had not been discovered. From appearances it was a stronghold that had existed for a number of years. Other detachments hearing the firing closed in and surrounded this place. This gave a force of 180 men to make the attack. The place was finally captured by an assault led by Lieutenant Reese. The outlaws stood their ground, which led to a hand-to-hand fight. The outlaws finally attempted to escape but met with a heavy loss. A count showed 3 scouts killed and 11 and Lieutenant Reese severely wounded. Thirty-five ladrones were left dead on the field, among them the leader, San Miguel, and his adjutant. Many were wounded and died, as were evidenced by burials in the neighboring towns and barrios. A conservative estimate placed the dead as a result of the fight at 61. A number of arms were captured. It was then learned that San Miguel had concentrated about all his subordinate commanders there for the purpose of making a raid on some of the stations. This blow completely demoralized these bands and the leaders were never able to concentrate them again. The men hid their guns and took shelter in Manila and the towns and barrios of the province. A small number crossed into Bataan under Tomas de Guzman. He was captured later. The work of hunting down individual outlaws then began by use of spies and captured ladrones who, with a hope of receiving mitigated punishment, told where others could be found. The work continued until finally Guillermo and Santiago, the two leading spirits after San Miguel, were caught by a ruse by those whom they considered their friends. They were in hiding in the mountains far beyond any habitation, and at time of capture had but 5 men with them. Guillermo has since talked freely and says that after San Miguel's death they gave up hope and felt that to remain in hiding was their only resort.

The capture of Julian Santos in Navotas, where he was in hiding, on about March 10, 1903, the killing of San Miguel and many of his followers by the Philippine Scouts, on March 27, 1903, and the capture of Guillermo and the presidente supremo of the Katipunan Society, Santiago, on June 10, 1903, also with the surrender and capture of many other less important members of the band from time to time during the period from February 1, 1903, up to the end of the fiscal year, leaves the province without an organized band and in better condition than it has probably ever been. I recently caused scouting parties to go through the province to look into general conditions. They report the people back in barrios which had been abandoned, and at work in their rice paddies, all claiming that they are not being disturbed. They were encouraged to report any appearance of outlaws in their vicinity, which they promised to do, but it is doubtful if they will, and they will no doubt again, through fear, harbor any ladrones who make threats against their lives.

It is recommended that when the pueblos are concentrated and police forces reorganized, that the police be placed under a constabulary officer as chief and aide to the governor, with the hope of making the force more effective.

The towns of Caloocan, Malabon, and Navotas are not worthy of much consideration. They are a cockfighting-gambling outfit and will continue to harbor a hard class of hombres.

The locusts at this time are playing havoc with young crops in the province, and the people, already poor, are much discouraged. Should this pest disappear it is believed that a prosperous year will be in store for Rizal.

An accidental fire occured in Mariquina on April 26, 1903, destroying about 75 houses and leaving about 1,500 people homeless.

TARLAC.

Senior Inspector, Capt. W. E. THOMPSON.

Authorized strength, 162; stations, 1; officers, 6. The senior inspector requested authority to concentrate all his constabulary at Tarlac and institute a system of patrols to all towns. He claims that the scheme has worked well so far. Engagements, 2; outlaws wounded, 2, captured, 14; arms captured, 11 rifles, 10 revolvers, and 186 rounds of ammunition; stolen animals recovered, 43 carabao, 1 horse; also 140 pesos; warrants received, 38, executed, 21; arrests without warrants, 45 (exclusive of outlaws). Guard is furnished to provincial jail and treasury. Casualties, constabulary killed, 2, wounded, 3; arms lost, 1 carbine, 1 revolver, and 80 cartridges; municipal police, fair to excellent; police casualties, deserted, 2. Telegraph stations, 1; telephone stations, 6.

There have been only two engagements between constabulary detachments and armed ladrones during the year. One of these resulted in the wounding of one and the capture of both of the notorious Cayanan brothers, Pantaleon and Esteban, by

Lieutenant Llorente's detachment; and the other between Corporal Gutierrez's detachment and an unknown party of bandits, which resulted in the wounding of one of the members of the latter. The Cayanan brothers were subsequently sentenced to twenty years in Bilibid. At present there is no active brigandage in the province. Carabao stealing has not been quite stamped out yet, but the arrest of the municipal presidente and the treasurer of Moriones, together with ten others, on the charge of organizing a band for the purpose of stealing carabaos, and the recovery of 17 of the animals they had stolen and disposed of, has a tendency to greatly diminish the number of thefts. In fact since the incarceration of the above-mentioned gang there have not been half a dozen reports to this office of carabao robberies.

A secret political party styled "Santa Iglesia" was unearthed in Paniqui, Camiling, and Anao in March last. Its leaders were arrested and charged with sedition. Two of them were sentenced by Judge Araullo to two years' imprisonment. The others were liberated. There has been considerable strife during the last six months between the Roman Catholics and the adherents to Aglipay's Church in Moncada, Victoria, and Murcia, but the bitter feeling is gradually dying out and no trouble is anticipated.

On the 16th day of May, while on patrol near Casanova, Nueva Ecija, Private Alejandro Rigor accidentally became separated from his companions and was assaulted by a band of tulisanes, who wounded him and took away his arms and equipments. This is the only loss suffered by the constabulary in the province since its organi

zation.

There has always been a tendency on the part of municipal authorities of Victoria, Concepción, and Anao to bring frivolous charges against the constabulary. They have not succeeded in proving anything against its members; so far, however, their persecutions are annoying. Section 4 of Act 781 has been put into effect to put a stop to this.

A constabulary hospital was established in Tarlac May 1 and Lieutenant von Schuster, of the medical department, was placed in charge of it. It is doing good work in caring for the sick. During the year there have been four deaths from disease among the enlisted men. Two of these were from cholera, one from phthisis, and one from dropsy. The general health of the men is very good at the present. Conditions in the province generally good, but some of the municipal officials are unreliable. It was feared when the military withdrew from the province there would be disturbances, but so far such has not proven to be the case.

UNION.

Senior Inspector Capt. CLAUDE D. LOVEJOY.

Authorized strength, 100; stations, 5; officers, 8, including 1 medical and 2 telegraph inspectors; expeditions, 5; miles, 240; engagements, none; arms, ammunition, or stores captured, none; stolen animals recovered, 2 carabao, 1 horse; 45 pesos recovered; warrants received 42, executed 40; number of arrests without warrants, 17; constabulary casualties, I deserted, died of disease 1 subinspector and 4 enlisted men; no arms lost.

The municipal police are probably the best in the islands. I quote from the senior inspector's report on this subject as follows:

"The beginning of the year found the municipal police of the several municipalities in a very disorganized state. There were no two towns that had the same rules and regulations, and very few that had any at all. It was the custom to use the police of all towns for all kinds of work (except that of policemen) that any of the town officials might have to do. Their principal duties were to run errands, serve as cooks, house boys, and servants, and to assist the presidentes in getting all the 'graft' and 'squeeze pigeon' there was available.

"Upon the first trip of the present senior inspector over the province it became very evident to him that something must be done to better the condition and improve the efficiency of the police, and when he approached the provincial governor and provincial treasurer it was found that they were of the same mind. The great question then became, 'How to reorganize the police and centralize the administration and still remain within the then existing laws.' The matter was talked over for several months without hitting upon any solution of the problem, until during the month of October, 1902, the provincial governor procured the sanction of the civil governor and the chief of constabulary to reorganize the police as an experiment. The work was then taken up in earnest, the first movement being the appointment of a committee of reorganization by the provincial governor. This committee consisted of the senior inspector of constabulary (chairman), the provincial treasurer and