tnat, as soon as we analyze the word to which it is subjoined, ever is entirely excluded from the sentence.

What is sometimes used as an interjection; as, 66 But what! is thy servant a dog, that he should do this? What! rob us of our right of suffrage, and then shut us up in dungeons !"

You have now come to the most formidable obstacle, or, if I may so speak, to the most rugged eminence in the path of grammatical science; but be not disheartened, for, if you can get safely over this, your future course will be interrupted with only here and there a gentle elevation. It will require close application, and a great deal of sober thinking, to gain a clear conception of the nature of the relative pronouns, particularly the compound relatives, which are not easily comprehended by the young learner. As this VIII. lecture is a very important one, it becomes necessary for you to read it carefully four or five times over before you proceed to commit the following order. Whenever you parse, you may spread the compendium before you, if you please.

SYSTEMATICK ORDER OF PARSING.

The order of paring a RELATIVE PRONOUN, is-a pronoun, and why?-relative, and why?gender, person, and number, and why ?-RULE case, and why?-RULE.-Decline it.

"This is the man whom we saw."

Whom is a pronoun, a word used instead of a noun-relative, it relates to "man" for its antecedent-mas. gend. third pers. sing. num. because the antecedent "man" is with which it agrees, according to

RULE 14. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, person, and number. Whom is in the objective case, the object of the action expressed by the active-transitive verb "saw," and governed by it,agreeably to

RULE 16. When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by the following verb, or some other word in its own member of the sentence.

Whom, in the objective case, is placed before the verb that governs it, according to NOTE 1, under Rule 16.

Note, and decline who.)

(Repeat the

"From what is recorded, he appears," &c. What is a comp. rel. pron. including both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which, or the thing which.— Thing, the antecedent part of what, is a noun, the name of a

thing-com, the name of a species-neuter gender, it has no sex-third person, spoken of--sing. number, it implies but oneand in the obj. case, it is the object of the relation expressed by the prep. "from," and gov. by it: RULE 31. (Repeat the Rule, and every other Rule to which I refer.) Which, the relative part of what, is a pronoun, a word used instead of a noun— relative, it relates to "thing" for its antecedent-neut. gender, third person, sing. number, because the antecedent "thing" is with which it agrees, according to RULE 14. Rel. pron. &c. Which is in the nom. case to the verb " is recorded," agreeably to RULE 15. The relative is the nominative case to the verb, when no nominative comes between it and the verb.

"What have you learned? Nothing."

What is a pron. a word used, &c.-relative of the interrogative kind, because it is used in asking a question-it refers to the word "nothing" for its subsequent, according to

RULE 17. When the rel. pron. is of the interrog. kind, it refers to the word or phrase containing the answer to the question, for its subsequent, which subsequent must agree in case with the interrogative. What is of the neut. gen. third per. sing. because the subsequent "nothing" is with which it agrees; RULE 14 Rel. pron. agree, &c.-It is in the objective case, the object of the action, of the active-transitive verb "have learned," and gov. by it, agreeably to Rule 16. When a nom. &c. See NOTE 1, under the Rule.

NOTE 1. You need not apply gend. pers. and numb. to the interrogative when the answer to the question is not expressed.

WHO, WHICH, WHAT.

Truth and simplicity are twin sisters, and generally go hand in hand. The foregoing exposition of the "relative pronouns," is. in accordance with the usual method of treating them; but they were unfolded according to their true character, they id be found to be very simple, and, doubtless, much labor and per. plexity, on the part of the learner, would thereby be red.

Of the words called "relatives," who, only, is a piacoun; and this is strictly personal; more so, indeed, if we except I and we, than any other word in our language, for it is always restricted to persons. It ought to be classed with the personal pronouns. I, thou, he, she, it, we, you, and they, relate to antecedents, as well as who. Which, that, and what, are always adjectives. They never stand for, but always belong to, nouns, either expressed or implied. They specify, like many other adjectives, and connect sentences.

Who supplies the place of which or what, and its personal

man who instructs you, labours faithfully. T I instruct, learns well. The lady whose house w tows many charities. That modesty which highly an, she possesses. He that acts wisely deserves s the tree which produces no fruit. I believe w He speaks what he knows. Whatever purif also fortifies it. What doest* thou? Nothing. have you? A poem. Whose hat have you? oes that work? Henry. Whom seest thou? T ou the present? Which pen did he take? Wh tly worship, him declare I unto you. I heard w George, you may pursue whatever science suit Eliza,take whichever pattern pleases you best. W see this republick forsake her moral and literary vill behold her liberties prostrated. Whosoever ill be a friend of the world, is the enemy of God. E. The nominative case is frequently placed after the verb, e case, before the verb that governs it. Whom, in every sent , house, modesty, book, hat, pen, him, the third what and which rt of the first two whats, are all in the objective case, and g everal verbs that follow them. See RULE 16, and NOTE 1. er is, according to RULE 21. Thing, the antecedent part of to "fortifies ;" which, the relative part, is nom. to "purifies governed by do, and poem, by have, understood. Henry is oes, understood. Whose and John's are governed according Zou, you, him, &c. represent nouns understood. Him, in the t five, is governed by declare, and I is nominative to declare. a are in the nominative case independent: Rule 5. 667 &c. is equivalent to, that science which suits your taste;-ern ;" i. e. that pattern which pleases you best. Whoever i

second person singular of do, when used as a principa with an e;` thus, “What thou doest, do quickly ;” but wher

pound relative; he, the antecedent part, is nominative to "will behold." Take agrees with you understood. Forsake is in the infinitive mood afte! "see:" Rule 25.

REMARKS ON RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Which sometimes relates to a member of a sentence, or to a whole sentence, for its antecedent: as, "We are required to fear God and keep his commandments, which is the whole duty of man." What is the whole duty of man? "To fear God and keep his commandments:" therefore, this phrase is the antecedent to which.

The conjunction as, when it follows such, many, or same, is frequently denominated a relative pronoun; as, "I am pleased with such as have a refined taste;" that is, with those who, or them who have, &c. "Let such as presume to advise others, look well to their own conduct;" that is, Let those, or them who presume, &c. "As many as were ordained to eternal life, believed;" that is, they, those, or all who were ordained, believed. "He exhibited the same testimonials as were adduced on a former occasion;" that is, those testimonials which were adduced, &c. But, in examples like these, if we supply the ellipsis which a critical analysis requires us to do, as will be found to be a conjunction; thus, "I am pleased with such persons, as those persons are who have a refined taste; Let such persons, as those persons

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are 2 who presume," &c. QUESTIONS NOT ANSWERED IN PARSING. From what words is t the term pronoun derived? Do pronouns always avoid the repetition of nouns ?-Name the three kinds of pronouns.-What distinguishes the personal from the relative pronouns ?-How many personal pronouns are there? -Repeat them.-What belong to pronouns?-Is gender applied to all the personal pronouns ?-To which of them is it applied?-Which of the personal pronouns have no peculiar termination to denote their gender?-How many persons have pronouns ?-Speak them in their different persons.--How ma"ny numbers have pronouns?-How many cases?—What are they?-Decline all the personal pronouns.- -When self is added to the personal pronouns, what are they called, and how are they used?-When is you singular in sense?-Is it ever singular in form?-Why are the words, my, thy, his, her, our, your, their, called personal pronouns ?-Why are the words, mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, denominated compound pers. pron.? How do you parse these compounds?-What is said of others ?-Repeat the order of parsing a personal pronoun.What rule do you apply in parsing a pronoun of the first person, and in the nom. case?-What Rule when the pronoun is in the possessive case ?-What Rules apply in parsing personal pronouns of the second and third person?-What Rules in parsing the compounds, yours, ours, mine, &c.?-What is said of the pronoun it ?

What are adjective pronouns ?-Name the three kinds. -What does each relate to ?-To what does every relate? --To what does either relate ?-What does neither import ?—

To what do this and these refer ?-Give examples.-To what do that and those refer?--Give examples.-Repeat all the adjective pronouns. When adj. pronouns belong to nouns understood, how are they parsed?--When they stand for, or represent nouns, what are they called?-Give examples.-Repeat the order of parsing an adj. pronoun.-What Rule do you apply in parsing the indefinite adjective pronouns ?-What Notes, in parsing the distributives and demonstratives?

What are relative pronouns ?-Repeat them.-From what words is the term antecedent derived ?--What does antecedent mean?-Are relatives varied on account of gender, person, or number?-To what are who and which applied?—To what is that applied?-Should who ever be applied to irrational beings or children ?-In what instances may which be applied to persons?-Decline the rel. pronouns.-Can which and that be declined? Is that ever used as three parts of speech ?-Give examples. What part of speech is the word what?—Is what ever used as three kinds of a pronoun?-Give examples.-What is said of whoever?-What words are used as interrogative pronouns?-Give examples.-When are the words, what, which, and that, called adj. pron.?-When are they called interrogative pronominal adjectives ?-What is said of whatever and whichever?—Is what ever used as an interjection?-Give examples. Repeat the order of parsing a rel. pron.-What Rules do you apply in parsing a relative?-What Rules in parsing a compound relative?-What Rules in parsing an interrogative?— Does the relative which ever relate to a sentence for its antecedent ?—When does the conjunction as become a relative ?---Give examples.

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

NOTE 1, to Rule 13. When a noun or pronoun is the subject of a verb, it must be in the nominative case.

Who will go? Him and I. How does thee do? Is thee well? "Him and I;" not proper, because the pronoun him is the subject of the verb will go understood, therefore him should be in the nominative case, he, according to the above NoTE. (Repeat the NOTE.) Him and I are connected by the conjunction and, and him is in the obj. case, and I in the nom., therefore RULE 33d, is violated. (Repeat the Rule.) In the second and third examples, thee should be thou, according to the NOTE. The verbs, does and is, are of the third person, and the nom. thou is second, for which reason the verbs should be of the second person, dost do and art, agreeably to RULE 4. You may correct the other examples, four times over.

FALSE SYNTAX.

Him and me went to town yesterday. Thee must be attenFlim who is careless, will not improve. They can write

tive.