literary worker, being the author of several successful comedies and compiler of "The Humbler Poets," a standard collection of newspaper verse.

WILLIAM S. LINTON.

William S. Linton, postmaster and ex-member of Congress, Saginaw, Mich., was born in St. Clair, that State, February 4, 1856. He was educated in the public schools of the former city and early commenced work as a clerk in a general store. When a young man he became interested and influential in politics, local and State, serving as alderman in 188387; legislative representative, 1887-89, and mayor of Saginaw, as well as president of the water board, in 1891-93. From 1893 to 1897 he was a member of Congress, being instrumental in securing the enactment of laws against the appropriation of public moneys for sectarian purposes. Mr. Linton has held the chief executive offices in the Knights of the Maccabees, Forresters and Masons. He is premier of the Prudent Patricians of Pompeii and has served as president of the Michigan State League of Building and Loan Associations.

SPENCER D. CARR.

Spencer D. Carr, president of the National Bank of Commerce, Toledo, Ohio, was born in Clifton Springs, N. Y., January 24, 1847. There he was educated; was a clerk in the postoffice about one year, and during the last two years of the Civil war was employed in the commissary department of the United States Army. In 1868 he located at Toledo, where he was for seven years bookkeeper for a wholesale house.

Mr. Carr became identified with the First National bank, of Toledo, in 1875, commenc

ing his financial career as a bookkeeper with that corporation. After having advanced to the positions of cashier and vice-president he severed his connection with the bank named, in 1892, to assume the active management of the National Bank of Commerce. On January 1, 1899, he was elected to the presidency.

JOHN S. JONES.

John S. Jones, attorney-at-law, Delaware, O., was born on a farm in Johnson township, Champaign county, that State, February 12, 1835. He received his education chiefly at the Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, studied law and was admitted to the bar on the 15th of June, 1857. He commenced practice in Delaware county, being elected prosecuting attorney thereof in the fall of 1860 and resigning in 1861 to enter the military service of the Union. On the 16th of April, of that year, he enlisted, as a private, in the first company raised in Delaware. Soon afterward he was promoted to the first lieutenancy to fill a vacancy, his commission dating from the time. of enlistment. At the expiration of his term. of service, June 26, 1864, he was mustered. out as captain of Company B, 4th Ohio Vol. Infantry. Although nominated for a seat in the Ohio legislature, he relinquished that honor to accept the command of the 174th Ohio Vol. Infantry, being appointed colonel of that regiment on the 21st of September, 1864. Subsequently he was commissioned brevet brigadier general for gallantry and meritorious conduct during the war and was mustered out of the service July 7, 1865.

From 1866 to 1872 General Jones served as prosecuting attorney of Delaware county and was chairman of the judiciary committee of the house in the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth general assemblies; member of the board of managers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, from its organization in 1870

to its reorganization in 1874, and again for the past eleven years, being now president of the same. From 1865 to 1875 he was a trustee of the Ohio Wesleyan Female College, at Delavan, it being consolidated with the Ohio Wesleyan University in the latter year.

In 1872 General Jones served as a presidential elector on the Grant and Wilson ticket, representing the ninth congressional district. of Ohio. He was elected to Congress from the same district in 1876. Undoubtedly he would have been returned, had it not been that at the close of his first term the State was so "gerrymandered" that Delaware county, with Franklin and Fairfield counties, was made to form one district which was overwhelmingly Democratic. Since that time, or for nearly a quarter of a century, he has devoted himself to his profession.

WARNER MILLER.

Warner Miller, manufacturer, farmer and ex-United States Senator, Herkimer, N. Y., was born in Hannibal, Oswego county, that State, August 12, 1838. He graduated from Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1865, and afterward received from that institution, as well as from Syracuse University, the degree of LL. D. After leaving college he taught Greek and Latin at the Fort Edward College institute, but soon joined the Union army as a private in the 5th New York Cavalry. He served under Sheridan and for gallantry and ability was promoted to be sergeant, major and lieutenant. Being taken prisoner at the battle of Winchester, he was paroled in the field and honorably discharged.

Returning from the front, Mr. Miller established himself, at Herkimer, as a manufacturer of paper, and is still engaged in that line of business, being among the most prominent makers and dealers in the country. He has

also extensive and profitable agricultural in

terests.

Senator Miller has long been recognized as an able, conservative and broad-minded man of public affairs. In 1874-75 he was a member of the New York assembly; member of Congress from 1878 to 1881 and United States Senator from 1881 to 1887. For many years he has been among the foremost advocates of the Nicaragua canal and is now the president of the company organized to bring the great project to a successful conclusion.

WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART.

William Morris Stewart, lawyer and United States Senator, Carson City, Nevada, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, N. Y., August 9, 1827. When he was a small child his parents removed to Trumbull county, Ohio. He received a limited education, but when seventeen years old, having saved sufficient money to attend school, entered Farmington Academy. He subsequently returned to his native State, where he taught school. In 1848 he entered Yale College, where he remained two years, when he went to San Francisco and engaged in mining with pick and shovel in Nevada county, and in this way accumulated money with which he began the study of law. In the fall of 1852 he was admitted to the bar, on the same day receiving the appointment of district attorney, to which office he was elected at the general election of the next year. In 1854 he was appointed attorney general of California. In 1860 he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he was largely engaged in early mining litigation. He was Nevada's first Senator and served from 1865 to 1875. From 1875 to 1887 he was engaged in the practice of law, and in the latter year was elected to the United States Senate. He was re-elected in 1893 and again in 1899. His term of office expires in 1905.

JULIAN SHAKESPEARE CARR.

Julian Shakespeare Carr, manufacturer and banker, Durham, N. C., was born in Chapel Hill, that State, October 8, 1845. He graduated from the University of North Carolina, but the tendency of his mind was more toward business than toward any profession. During the Civil war he was a private in General Lee's army of Northern Virginia, and after receiving his university education, engaged in merchandising and afterward became a manufacturer. The Blackwell's Durham Tobacco

company, of which he is president, is known throughout the world. Mr. Carr has also been identified with the First National bank; the Durham Cotton Mills; the Raleigh & Eastern Railroad; the Citizens Saving bank; the Bank of Chapel Hill, etc. He has been twice a delegate from the State at large to Democratic National conventions, declining what would have been the unanimous nomination for governor by the State convention of 1896. He is a leader in the affairs of the Methodist church, having twice been a delegate to the Quadrennial general conference and three times a delegate to the Ecumenical council of that church. He has also been a trustee of the State University; a director of the Oxford

Orphan Asylum; president of the board of directors, Greensboro Female College; president of the State Association of North Carolina Confederate Veterans and major general commanding the United Confederate Veterans, of that State.

JOHN M. PALMER.

John McAuley Palmer, soldier, lawyer and ex-United States Senator, Springfield, Ill., was born in Scott county, Ky., September 13, 1817, his parents being Lewis and Ann (Tutt) Palmer, both natives of Virginia. When quite young, John moved with the family to Christian county, in the same State, there remaining until 1831, when the family came to Illinois, and settled in Madison county.

Mr. Palmer commenced the study of law at Carlinville, in 1839, with John S. Greathouse; went to Springfield the next December for his license to practice, and, by appointment of the court, was examined by Stephen A. Douglas and J. Y. Scammon; received his certificate on their recommendation; and returned to Carlinville, where he soon built up a good practice. While a resident of Carlinville, he held the office of probate judge for the term. of four years.

Mr. Palmer early allied himself with the Democracy; cast his first vote for president in 1840, for Martin Van Buren; was elected to the State Senate in 1854; became an antiNebraska Democrat in 1854; broke with his old friend, Stephen A. Douglas; nominated and aided in electing Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate; supported Fremont and Dayton in the presidential campaign of 1856, and four years later did good service in putting his old friend, Mr. Lincoln, in the presidential chair.

When the war broke out, Mr. Palmer raised the 14th Illinois Infantry, and for his gallant and heroic deeds was promoted eventually to

major-general, and given command of an army corps. Subsequently, he had command of a department. He made a noble military record. The Civil war being closed, General Palmer resumed the practice of his profession, settling in Springfield in 1867. The next year he was elected governor on the Republican ticket, and served four years.

In 1890 he was elected to the United States Senate for the term of six years. In 1896 he was nominated by the National Democratic party as a candidate for the presidency. Since his term as senator expired he has devoted himself to the practice of law, as a member of the firm of Palmer, Shutt, Hamill & Lester.

HAZEN S. PINGREE.

Hazen S. Pingree, twenty-fourth governor of Michigan, Detroit, is a native of Denmark, Maine, where he was born August 30, 1840. His father, a farmer, was also born in that village, remaining there until 1871, when he came to Michigan and lived with his son until his death in 1882. Moses Pingree, the governor's American ancestor, emigrated to this country from England, in 1640, many of his forefathers being distinguished characters in colonial and national history. One of the noted members of the family of our times is Samuel Everett Pingree, governor of Vermont in 1884-86.

Our subject lived upon the farm and attended school until he was about fourteen years of age, when he found employment in a cotton mill. For two succeeding years he was a hand in a shoe factory at Hopkinton, Mass., and in August, 1862, enlisted as a private in Company F, 1st Mass. Heavy Artillery. With his regiment he participated in the battles of Bull Run, Fredericksburg Road, Harris Farm, Cold Harbor, Spottsylvania Court House, North Anne and South Anne. In May, 1864, he was captured by Mosby's men and taken to

Andersonville, where he was confined for six months, and soon afterward (November, 1864) rejoined his command in front of Petersburg and Appomattox Court House. In August, 1865, he was mustered out of the service and returned to civil life.

Governor Pingree first found employment in the shoe factory of H. P. Baldwin & Co., Detroit, and in December, 1866, formed a partnership with Charles H. Smith, under the firm name of Pingree & Smith. From the first he has had active management of the business. The firm originally employed eight men; the force is now seven hundred, with an annual output of over one million dollars.

The remarkable success of this enterprise and the business capacity evinced by Mr. Pingree induced the citizens of Detroit, irrespective of party, to put him forward as the business men's independent candidate for the mayoralty. The fair, compromising, practical talents which he had shown in settling the labor troubles in his own factory had brought him into favor with the working classes generally. From 1889 to 1896, therefore, he served as mayor of Detroit, being elected four times and the record which he then achieved brought him national fame. He equalized the system of taxation; corrected the extortionate rates of gas and telephone companies; established a municipal lighting plant; unearthed school board frauds; arbitrated and compromised the street car strike; reduced fares on street railways and the price of gas and set aside various vacant property on the outskirts of the city for the use of the poor in the raising of vegetables. The ultimate result of his administration was to raise the credit of Detroit to an unprecedented height and to elevate him to the governor's chair in November, 1896.

At this time he was still mayor of the city, but in March, 1897, by reason of his assuming the gubernatorial functions, the State supreme court declared the former office vacant. Mr.

Pingree was elected by the Republicans by a plurality of 83,499 votes, and a majority over all, of 61,060; or 27,331 more votes than were given to the presidential electors. He was reelected in 1898, his present term expiring in January, 1901.

As a practical, generous-hearted statesman, and a pithy, eloquent speaker and writer, Governor Pingree has a reputation which is already national and which is continually broadening and strengthening.

ABNER C. HARDING.

Abner C. Harding, soldier and lawyer, was born at East Hampton, Conn., February 10, 1807. He removed to Pennsylvania in 1828, read law, and in the same year was admitted to the bar. In 1835 he was elected to the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania. In 1838 he removed to Monmouth, Ill., where he continued the practice of his profession; in 1848 he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and a member of the State Senate from 1848-50. In 1862 he enlisted as a member of the 83rd Ill. Vol. Infantry, of which he was made colonel. March, 1863, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1864 he was elected a representative from Illinois to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress. He died July 19, 1874, in Monmouth, Ill.

REED BROCKWAY BONTECOU, M. D.

Reed Brockway Bontecou, M. D., Troy, N. Y., was born in that city, April 22, 1824. He was educated at the Troy high school and academy, at Poultney Academy, Vt., and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, from which, in 1842, he received the degree of B. N. S. During this year he commenced

the study of medicine, from 1844 to 1847 pursuing regular courses in the University of the City of New York and at Castleton (Vt.) Medical College. He obtained his degree of M. D. from the latter in May, 1847, and at once entered into practice with his preceptor, Dr. Thomas C. Brinsmade, at Troy. He had already made a voyage up the Amazon river in the interest of natural science, but after his graduation began the practice of his profession with energy and determination.

In 1848 and in 1858 Dr. Bontecou served through severe cholera epidemics, being surgeon of the Troy Hospital, using the transfusion method upon his patients with marked success. In 1849 he was commissioned surgeon of the 24th Regiment, N. Y. State Militia, entering the Federal service as surgeon of the 2nd N. Y. Volunteer Infantry, in April, 1861. In September of that year he was promoted to be brigade surgeon and surgeon of volunteers, serving thus until June, 1866, when he received his honorable discharge.

During this period he was present at the fight between the Monitor and the Merrimack; was in charge of the U.S. Army General Hospital at Fortress Monroe for a year previous to its destruction; was on duty in the surgeon general's office; served in the Department of the South during the yellow fever epidemic; was chief medical officer of the Beaufort, S. C., hospitals and head of the Harewood General Hospital, Washington, D. C., from October, 1863, to June, 1866, the date of his muster out of the service. During the previous year (March 13, 1865) he had been brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services during the

war.

At the close of the war Dr. Bontecou returned to the private practice of medicine at Troy, N. Y. He is a member of the Medical Society of the County of Rensselaer, president in 1891, and again in 1892; a member of the Medical Society of the State of New York;